<p>The River Elwy  is a river in Wales and is a tributary of the River Clwyd. The source of the river is sometimes said to be on the northern flank of Moel Seisiog, south-east of Llanrwst, at Ordnance Survey grid reference SH853593. However the river is only actually called the Elwy at the village of Llangernyw, where three rivers, Afon Cledwen, Afon Collen and Afon Gallen, meet to form the Elwy. It flows eastwards through Llanfair Talhaiarn and a few miles downstream from this village it is joined by a tributary, the River Aled  which has its source in Llyn Aled.</p><br>
<p>After passing through Bont-newydd, the river turns northwards again and flows through St. Asaph (Llanelwy or "the church enclosure on the Elwy" in Welsh). It joins the River Clwyd about half way between St. Asaph and Rhuddlan, and the waters of the two rivers can often be seen flowing side by side for several miles.</p><br>
<p>A number of caves along the lower valley of the Elwy are of great archaeological interest and are considered one of the most important groups of Palaeolithic and later caves and rock shelters in Britain. In particular Pontnewydd Cave contained remains of Neanderthal man and is the most north-westerly site at which Neanderthal remains have been found.</p><br>
<p>The Elwy is also well known for its sea trout fishing, and also has a small run of Atlantic Salmon.</p><br>
<p>Memorial Park Cemetery was founded in 1924 by E. Clovis Hinds on initial 54 acres . It is located at 5668 Poplar Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>Different species of trees of different ages, as well as bushes, can be found throughout the cemetery, enhancing the atmosphere of a park-like setting.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is noted for its Crystal Shrine Grotto, a hand-built cave depicting Biblical scenes built by artist Dionicio Rodriguez.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is owned by the private death care industry company, NorthStar Memorial Group, based in Houston.</p><br>
<h2>Crystal Shrine Grotto</h2><br>
<p>In 1935 Mexican artist Dionicio Rodriguez was hired to beautify the park with sculptures. Annie Laurie’s Wishing Chair, Broken Tree Bench, Abrahams Oak, Pool of Hebron and Cave of Machpelah are some of the most important sculptures that can be found in different locations throughout the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In 1938 construction of the Crystal Shrine Grotto began. The grotto is a 60 ft (18.3 m) deep, hand-built cave in a hillside near the center of the cemetery, filled with 5 tons (4.5 t) of quartz crystal, hence the name Crystal Shrine Grotto. The grotto was completed after Rodriguez death in 1955. The shrines in the grotto illustrate the stages of "Christs Journey on the Earth from Birth to Resurrection".</p><br>
<p>Since 1991, the Crystal Shrine Grotto has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places for Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>James Pinckney Alley, early cartoonist</p><br>
<p>Don Briscoe, actor</p><br>
<p>Laura Bullion, female Old West outlaw</p><br>
<p>Ronnie Caldwell, musician with the Bar-Kays</p><br>
<p>Jimmy Griffin, musician</p><br>
<p>Isaac Hayes, singer and actor</p><br>
<p>Bill Justis, musician, composer, arranger</p><br>
<p>Shawn Lane, composer, guitarist, pianist, musician</p><br>
<p>Charlie Lea, baseball player</p><br>
<p>Gilbert Earl Patterson, Presiding Bishop of the Church of God in Christ</p><br>
<p>Sam Phillips, record producer</p><br>
<p>Jay Reatard, musician</p><br>
<p>Charlie Rich, singer</p><br>
<p>South Caicos is the seventh-largest island in the Turks and Caicos archipelago, with a land area of 21.2 km². South Caicos is known for excellent fishing, both deep-sea and bone fishing, and scuba diving. South Caicos was formerly a salt exporter, the island still hosts a network of salt pans as a reminder of the industry. Today, the island&#39;s main income is derived from small-scale commercial fishing.</p><br>
<p>The School for Field Studies, a global nonprofit, accredited by Boston University, has established a well-regarded Center for Marine Resource Studies in Cockburn Harbour. The centre&#39;s research focuses on marine ecology and natural resource management. The island hosts an Annual South Caicos Regatta, a large celebration that features parties, boat races, and other games. Though there is some real estate development, tourism is, currently, virtually nonexistent on South Caicos.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Together with uninhabited East Caicos and a number of smaller islands, it forms the South Caicos and East Caicos District, with a total area of 136.8 km². All islands in the east and south of Caicos Bank belong to this district, except French Cay, which belongs to Providenciales and West Caicos. The larger ones of these islands are Hog Cay (7.9 km²), McCartney Cay (3.5 km²), Little Ambergris Cay (6.6 km²), Big Ambergris Cay (4.3 km²), and Long Cay (immediately south of South Caicos, 1.0 km²). Between South Cacios and the Amgergris Cays are the Six Hill Cays (0.0914 km²) and the Fish Cays (0.1044 km²). South of the Ambergris Cays are Bush Cay (0.0814 km²), Seal Cays, Pear Cay (0.0138 km²), Shot Cay (0.0004 km²), White Cay (0.0343 km²), South Rock, Whale Breaker, and Swimmer Rock (submerged), and southwest, West Sand Spit (submerged).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>South Caicos may have been the second island sighted by Christopher Columbus. The original inhabitants of the island were Tanio and Lucayan Indians. In addition to a variety of archeological treasures, they left behind the names of the islands in the form of the indigenous "Turk&#39;s head" cactus and the Lucayan term “caya hico” meaning string of islands named Caicos. The Lucayans disappeared roughly 30 years after his arrival, leaving the island sparsely populated and the salt industry booming.</p><br>
<p>The French and Spanish briefly captured the island in 1706 during which time it became a pirate haven. Until a fungus outbreak killed them off, sea-sponge farming briefly flourished on the island during the 1930s. The United States built an anti-submarine base on South Caicos in 1944, along with the first airstrip in the archipelago. During the 1950s a Canadian businessman attempted to start a conch shell export business on the island. In 1959 the USA returned to South Caicos when the Coast Guard constructed a LORAN (low-frequency radio signal navigation) station on the island. Today the island attracts tourists drawn to its unspoiled coral reefs.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>The population of South Caicos Island was estimated at 1,579 in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Villages on South Caicos</h2><br>
<p>Out North, pop. 706</p><br>
<p>The Flat, pop. contained in Out North</p><br>
<p>Highlands, pop. 62</p><br>
<h3>Cockburn Harbour</h3><br>
<p>Named in 1840 after an official visit by a Governor of the Bahamas – Sir Francis Cockburn – Cockburn Harbour is the largest settlement on South Caicos Island and is home to some 900 year-round residents. Cockburn Harbour is known for having the best natural harbor in the Turks and Caicos Islands. Until the 1960s it was an important centre of regional trade and a major exporter of salt. Today its main industry is small scale fishing focused on conch and spiny lobster exports. A variety of historic structures, including the Queens Parade Grounds, an old Wesleyan Church, the 18th-century Commissioners House, the old salt works and the boiling hole that fed them can be found in the town. The abandoned salt pans just outside town have become the home of a number of bird species including large flocks of flamingos.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>North Caicos is the second-largest island in the Turks and Caicos Islands . To the west, the Caicos Cays  link to Providenciales. To the east, it is separated from Middle Caicos by Juniper Hole, a narrow passage that can accommodate only small boats. A 1-mile causeway connects North Caicos to Middle Caicos.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>North Caicos has an area of 116.4 km² within the high water mark, and of 207.1 km² within the shoreline. The difference between the two values is not accounted for as land area. Sights on or near the island include Cottage Pond, Wade&#39;s Green Plantation, Flamingo Pond Overlook, and the tiny Three Marys Cays (0.64 ha) a approximately 20 metres off the northwestern shore. North Caicos is 12 miles from Providenciales, which offers daily ferry trips to the island.</p><br>
<p>Together with Parrot Cay (4.9 km²), and Bay Cay off the eastern shore (at 12.9 km² the sixth-largest island of the territory) and a few more uninhabited offshore cays, it forms the North Caicos District, with an area of 144.9 km².</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>The population was 1,312 at the 2012 census.</p><br>
<h2>North Caicos Towns</h2><br>
<h3>Bottle Creek</h3><br>
<p>With a population of 907 people, Bottle Creek is the island’s main village. It is also the district capital and the home of the island’s various government offices, its utility companies and its high school. There are a number of old plantation areas situated along the King’s Road between Bottle Creek and the causeway to Middle Caicos.</p><br>
<h3>Whitby</h3><br>
<p>Located between the protected snorkeling area of Three Mary Cays and Horsestable Beach, Whitby is a small seaside village on North Caicos&#39; Northern shore.</p><br>
<h3>Kew</h3><br>
<p>This inland village is one of the oldest towns in the Turks and Caicos. It is known for being the center of the archipelago’s farming community. Kew is also the home of the Wades Green Plantation, a historic tourist site. The village has a population of 400.</p><br>
<h3>Sandy Point</h3><br>
<p>This tiny village is located at the northwestern tip of the island facing Parrot Cay. It hosts the North Caicos Yacht Club. It is the location of Sandy Point Marina, where ferry services from Providenciales arrive.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Colorado Chautauqua, located in Boulder, Colorado, United States, and started in 1898, is the only Chautauqua west of the Mississippi River still continuing in unbroken operation since the heyday of the Chautauqua Movement in the 1920s. It is one of the few such continuously operating Chautauquas remaining in the United States, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>The Colorado Chautauqua in the 21st century</h2><br>
<p>The Colorado Chautauqua Association, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization formerly known as the Texas-Colorado Chautauqua Association, presents a variety of lectures, live musical performances, and silent films on a year-round schedule, although the summer months are emphasized. The operation also includes the Chautauqua Dining Hall. Short-term lodging is also offered. The Association manages 26 acre leased from the City of Boulder, including the historic Chautauqua buildings, all of which are still in regular use:</p><br>
<p>the 1898 Chautauqua Auditorium (listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 21, 1978)</p><br>
<p>the 1898 Dining Hall</p><br>
<p>the 1900 Academic Hall (now the Administration Building)</p><br>
<p>the 1911 Missions House</p><br>
<p>the 1918 Community House</p><br>
<p>the 1919 Columbine Lodge</p><br>
<p>98 cottages, constructed between 1899 and 1954 (80 before 1915), some of which are owner-occupied and some of which are rentals offered by the Colorado Chautauqua Association.</p><br>
<p>Between these 26 acre of Association land and Baseline Road lies a 14 acre Boulder city park called Chautauqua Park. This area is marked "Chautauqua Green" on the map published by the Colorado Chautauqua Association. Both the park and the Association land are open to the public without an entry fee.</p><br>
<p>The entire 40 acre site, including both the Association land and the adjacent Chautauqua Park, was designated a National Historic Landmark on February 10, 2006. The site is bounded on the north by Baseline Road, on the northeast by residential back yards on 10th Street, and on the southeast, south, and west by the City of Boulder Mountain Parks.</p><br>
<p>Residents of Boulder generally refer to the entire 40 acre site by the single word Chautauqua. In the early years, the site was known as "Texado Park".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<h4>1897</h4><br>
<p>The Texas-Colorado Chautauqua Association was incorporated in Austin, Texas in September 1897. This organization was for the purpose of conducting a summer school and lecture series for Texas schoolteachers at a Colorado location to be determined later. A cooler summer climate than Texas was desired.</p><br>
<h4>1898</h4><br>
<p>In February 1898, the Texas-Colorado Chautauqua Association and the City of Boulder entered into an agreement to locate the Chautauqua near Boulder, subject to the city providing sufficient area and suitable facilities. A city bond election was held on April 5, 1898 and the necessary bonds and expenditures were approved to purchase the land and build the first buildings.</p><br>
<p>On April 18, 1898 the Boulder City Council appointed a "Committee on Parks," the earliest beginning of the city&#39;s Parks Department. Later in April, the Bachelder Ranch site was selected and purchased for the Chautauqua; the grounds, one mile (1.6 km) south of the city, were named Texado Park. On May 12, 1898 construction of the Chautauqua Auditorium commenced; the Dining Hall construction started one week later. Both buildings were completed in time for the opening of the first Chautauqua season on July 4, 1898.</p><br>
<p>However, the two greatest disappointments of the initial season were first, that no residential cottages had yet been constructed; and second, that the electric streetcar line from downtown Boulder to Texado Park had not been built in time for the opening. In the first season, Colorado Chautauqua attenders were housed entirely in tents. They traveled the 1.5 miles (about 2 km) from the Boulder railway station to the Chautauqua on foot or in horsedrawn vehicles, via dirt roads that were alternately dusty and muddy.</p><br>
<p>The 1898 fee was $75 for the entire six-week season, including tuition, admission to all lectures and entertainments, all boarding and lodging, and round-trip rail fare to Boulder from any location within a 100 mi radius of Fort Worth, Texas.</p><br>
<p>The first year&#39;s six-week program featured no fewer than 94 scheduled speeches, including addresses from the well-known evangelist T. Dewitt Talmadge, the Kentucky orator Henry Watterson, the governors of Colorado and Texas, the mayor of Boulder, and the president of the University of Colorado. Various clergymen also delivered sermons each Sunday.</p><br>
<p>The Kansas City Symphony Orchestra was in residence for the entire season, and would return many times in future years. They played a sacred concert each Sunday, and incidental music as requested, often several times a day. Various bands, pianists, and vocalists also performed.</p><br>
<p>Music classes were offered including cello, guitar, mandolin, piano, singing and chorus. The Collegiate Department of the Chautauqua offered 51 different classes in mathematics, chemistry, botany, physics, psychology, education, as well as English, Latin, Greek, French, and German language and literature.</p><br>
<p>From that first season, the Colorado Chautauqua also presented motion pictures in the Auditorium. The evening program for July 21, 1898, was "Edison&#39;s Genuine Projectoscope, Colorscopic Diorama and Wargraph, with Music, reproducing scenes of the war with Spain."</p><br>
<p>Other activities included burro and horseback rides, hikes to the nearby Flatirons on Green Mountain, stagecoach rides to Boulder Falls and Eldorado Springs, and mountain railway excursions to destinations as far away as Ward.</p><br>
<p>The activities of the 1898 Chautauqua season were to continue and expand from that date to the 1920s, except for the Collegiate Department, which was largely supplanted by the summer session of the University of Colorado beginning in 1904.</p><br>
<h4>1899</h4><br>
<p>The Electric Street Railway from downtown Boulder to Texado Park was started in late April 1899 and completed on June 24, 1899, ten days ahead of the opening of the second Colorado Chautauqua season. Cars ran every 15 minutes from 6:30 a.m. to 11:00 p.m., and the fare was five cents.</p><br>
<p>The first cottages were built in the spring of 1899. At the opening of the second season, between 30 and 40 cottages were available, with the other attenders still residing in tents. Construction of additional cottages continued in later years, although some would stay in tents until 1916.</p><br>
<p>William Jennings Bryan, the biggest celebrity of the Chautauqua movement, first appeared at the Texas-Colorado Chautauqua on July 12, 1899, drawing a capacity crowd to the Chautauqua Auditorium, with thousands more thronging the adjacent hillsides. The total attendance was about 13,000.</p><br>
<h4>1900</h4><br>
<p>The Academic Hall was constructed in June 1900. Cottages built in 1900 included the Womens Christian Temperance Union cottage, which offered rooms to members at 50 cents per night. The prohibitionist cause was a continuing theme in the early days of Chautauqua lectures, as were womens suffrage, Populist politics, and a nondenominational Christian message of self-improvement.</p><br>
<p>Republican and Democratic orators were invited to give campaign speeches for their respective presidential candidates, William McKinley and William Jennings Bryan. Jonathan P. Dolliver spoke on August 20, 1900 and Champ Clark the following week. This experiment was not considered a success, and overtly partisan election-year speeches would not return until 1932.</p><br>
<p>On December 20, 1900, the Texas-Colorado Chautauqua was reorganized as the Colorado Chautauqua, with an entirely local board of directors. Title to the land remained with the city of Boulder, but the Colorado Chautauqua Association operated the Chautauqua under a long-term lease, since renewed several times.</p><br>
<p>The reorganization, partly prompted by financial deficits, had both a broadening and a narrowing effect. More emphasis was placed on wooing attenders from states other than Texas, but at the same time The Colorado Chautauqua had become Boulder&#39;s own enterprise. More townspeople attended the presentations in the ensuing years. More Boulderites were also directly involved in managing the Chautauqua programs.</p><br>
<h3>Early 20th century</h3><br>
<p>The early years of the 20th century saw continuing growth and development of the Colorado Chautauqua. One highlight was the appearance of John Philip Sousa and his band at Chautauqua Auditorium in the fall of 1904, after the Chautauqua season was over for that year.</p><br>
<p>In the first two decades of the Colorado Chautauqua, an average of 40 full evening musical programs were presented each season, which is to say each summer. Dramatic readings from Shakespeare and Ibsen were also staples of the early 20th century Chautauqua experience in Boulder, as were operatic arias. The 1910 program featured "costumed recitals from grand opera" presented by the Chicago Operatic Company on July 4.</p><br>
<p>The famed evangelist Billy Sunday spoke to large crowds in 1909, 1924, 1925, and 1931. Other evangelists also delivered their message of fire and brimstone to the Chautauquans. According to Chautauqua tradition, all religious observance and preaching was nondenominational, but the growing tide of Fundamentalism made its influence felt through a number of Chautauqua orators as the 20th century progressed.</p><br>
<p>From the beginning of the Colorado Chautauqua, two or three motion pictures had been presented each year. But starting with the 1918 season, in the face of higher costs for lecturers and entertainers, the Colorado Chautauqua Association decided to increase the number of movies. The Association expressed the intention to maintain the quality of the live stage presentations, although those events would be fewer. They also pledged that the motion pictures selected would be the "best productions on the screen" and would be limited to films that were morally uplifting and suitable for family viewing. Since the Chautauqua lacked the financial resources to compete for first run films with the commercial movie theaters, second-run movies were selected. The 1918 Colorado Chautauqua movie menu included Oliver Twist, The Bluebird, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, and The Vicar of Wakefield, among others.</p><br>
<p>From 1918 forward, about half of the evening presentations were motion pictures, the other half continuing to be lectures and live entertainment. That formula held for about ten years, after which the movies came to occupy a steadily increasing percentage of the Chautauqua presentations.</p><br>
<h3>Middle 20th century</h3><br>
<p>Eventually the effects of two world wars, one Great Depression, and the development of many competing entertainment opportunities (especially movies, radio, television, and the automobile) would greatly impact the nature of events held at the Colorado Chautauqua. Under financial pressure, the presentations decreased in variety. Although the Colorado Chautauqua Association continued to schedule a few lectures and musical performances (including annual appearances by groups representing SPEBSQSA and the Sweet Adelines, which persist into the 21st century), by the 1950s the vast majority of activities at the Chautauqua consisted of second-run movies in the Auditorium, presented with marginal projection and sound equipment. The Colorado Chautauqua had entered a dormant period, although some traditions continued, such as the nondenominational summer Sunday School program.</p><br>
<p>The built-up area of the city of Boulder gradually expanded, reaching the boundaries of the Chautauqua site by the 1940s. Chautauqua became part of the city, although it was still at the edge of the City of Boulder Mountain Parks. Over the years many of the cottages were winterized for year-round use. The Colorado Chautauqua became, in part, a residential district for Boulderites.</p><br>
<h3>Late 20th century</h3><br>
<p>The 1970s saw a crisis in the history of the Colorado Chautauqua. Attendance and revenue were declining. The buildings were deteriorating. The Chautauqua Association&#39;s 1941 lease on the land was scheduled to expire in 1981. The city of Boulder was entertaining various ideas for the Chautauqua grounds including demolition in favor of building a new convention center on the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, Daily Camera editor Laurence Paddock completed an application to list the Chautauqua Auditorium on the National Register of Historic Places. When this listing came about in 1978, the city shifted its planning from demolition to restoration. The historic preservation designation of the Auditorium was the turning point for The Colorado Chautauqua as it exists today.</p><br>
<p>The Colorado Chautauqua gradually returned to its roots in the late 20th century, scheduling much more live music and a modest number of additional lectures. Jazz and bluegrass concerts were introduced, with good popular success. Guest performers have included composer-pianist Peter Kater, Native American flutist R. Carlos Nakai, Doc Watson, Hot Rize, George Winston, Bill Monroe, Lyle Lovett, Randy Newman, Bobby McFerrin, Bruce Cockburn, Suzanne Vega, Bela Fleck, Roger McGuinn, Loudon Wainwright III, Michelle Shocked, and the Boulder Philharmonic Orchestra, among others.</p><br>
<p>The biggest positive impact on the Chautauqua was the arrival, in 1978, of the Colorado Music Festival including the Festival Orchestra under the direction of Giora Bernstein, in residence each summer for dozens of performances. The Colorado Music Festival remains an annual summer fixture at Chautauqua (more recently under the direction of Michael Christie) into the 21st century, presenting a variety of music with the most commonly featured composers being Mozart, Stravinsky, and Beethoven.</p><br>
<p>Chautauqua audiences of the late 20th century have enjoyed lectures from Hunter S. Thompson, Al Gore, Jesse Jackson, Colorado governor Roy Romer, and Congressman David Skaggs of Colorado, among others. Political campaign speeches were brought back to the Chautauqua in the 1996 season for the first time since 1932.</p><br>
<p>In response to competition from home VCRs, the second-run family films were discontinued in 1995. The Chautauqua film tradition continues, however, with a silent film series that began in 1986 and persists into the 21st century, featuring live piano accompaniment by Hank Troy and other students of Photoplay music.</p><br>
<p>The Dining Hall was refurbished in 1979 and the food service contracted out. For the first time, the Chautauqua Dining Hall became a destination restaurant (which it still is in the 21st century) and ceased to be a financial drain on the Colorado Chautauqua Association. The Dining Halls license to serve wine and beer, however, represents something of a break with Chautauquas prohibitionist past.</p><br>
<p>From a near-collapse in the early 1970s, The Colorado Chautauqua recovered to become a permanent part of the Boulder community and a piece of living history.</p><br>
<p>Antiochia ad Cragum  also known as Antiochetta or Latin: Antiochia Parva  is an ancient Hellenistic city on Mount Cragus overlooking the Mediterranean coast, in the region of Cilicia, in Anatolia. In modern-day Turkey the site is encompassed in the village of Güneyköy, District of Gazipaşa, Antalya Province.</p><br>
<p>The city was founded by Antiochus IV Epiphanes in approximately 170 BC. It minted coins from the mid-1st century to the mid-2nd century; the last known of which were issued under Roman Emperor Valerian. The city became part of the kingdom of Lesser Armenia in the 12th century. In 1332, the Knights Hospitallers took the city, after which it was known variously as Antiochetta, Antiocheta, Antiocheta in Rufine (Papal bull of Pope John XXII), and Antiochia Parva.</p><br>
<p>Some scholars claim an identity of Antiochia ad Cragum with the city Cragus (Kragos) or, although it lies more than 100 km away, with Sidyma, which some scholars assert was the Lycian Cragus (Kragos).</p><br>
<p>Ruins of the city remain, and include fortifications, baths, chapels, Roman necropolis, and the largest Roman mosaic found in Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>Bishopric</h2><br>
<p>There are five known ancient bishops of this diocese:</p><br>
<p>Antonius took part in the First Council of Nicaea in 325</p><br>
<p>Theodosius in the First Council of Constantinople in 381</p><br>
<p>Acacius was among the fathers of the Council of Chalcedon in 451</p><br>
<p>Zacharias took part in the Trullan Council of 692; and</p><br>
<p>Theophanes finally witnessed the council held in Constantinople in 879–880 that rehabilitated the patriarch Photius of Constantinople.</p><br>
<p>The Roman Catholic Diocese of Antiochia Parva is no longer a residential bishopric. It is today listed as a suppressed and titular see of the Roman Catholic Church. The seat is vacant since April 11, 1964. It was held previously by:</p><br>
<p>Jacques-Eugène Louis Ménager (June 23, 1955 – December 7, 1961)</p><br>
<p>André-Jean-Marie Charles de la Brousse (January 26, 1962 – April 11, 1964)</p><br>
<p>Antioch on the Maeander or Antiochia on the Maeander , earlier Pythopolis, was a city of ancient Caria, in Anatolia. The city was situated between the Maeander and Orsinus rivers near their confluence. Though it was the site of a bridge over the Maeander, it had "little or no individual history". The scanty ruins are located on a hill  a few km southeast of Kuyucak, Aydın Province, Turkey, near the modern city of Başaran, or the village of Aliağaçiftliği. The city already existed when Antiochus I enlarged and renamed it. It was home to the sophist Diotrephes.</p><br>
<p>It has not been excavated, although Christopher Ratte and others visited the site in 1994 and produced a sketch plan.</p><br>
<h2>Bishopric</h2><br>
<p>The bishopric of Antioch on the Maeander was a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Stauropolis, capital of the Roman province of Caria. Its bishop Eusebius was at the First Council of Nicaea in 325, Dionysius at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, Georgius at the Trullan Council in 692, and Theophanes at the Photian Council of Constantinople (879). Menophanes was deposed in 518 for Monophysitism.</p><br>
<p>No longer a residential bishopric, Antioch on the Maeander (Antiochia ad Maeandrum in Latin) is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.</p><br>
<p>Known Bishops</p><br>
<p>Vicente de Paulo Araújo Matos (21 Apr 1955 Appointed - 28 Jan 1961)</p><br>
<p>Félix Guiller (10 Apr 1961 Appointed - 10 Jun 1963)</p><br>
<p>Edward Louis Fedders, (29 Oct 1963 Appointed - 11 Mar 1973)</p><br>
<p>The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the worlds second artificial nuclear reactor , and the first designed and built for continuous operation. It was built during World War II as part of the Manhattan Project.</p><br>
<p>While Chicago Pile-1 demonstrated the feasibility of nuclear reactors, the Manhattan Project&#39;s goal of producing enough plutonium for atomic bombs required reactors a thousand times as powerful, along with facilities to chemically separate the plutonium bred in the reactors from uranium and fission products. An intermediate step was considered prudent. The next step for the plutonium project, codenamed X-10, was the construction of a semiworks where techniques and procedures could be developed and training conducted. The centerpiece of this was the X-10 Graphite Reactor. It was air-cooled, used nuclear graphite as a neutron moderator, and pure natural uranium in metal form for fuel.</p><br>
<p>DuPont commenced construction of the plutonium semiworks at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge on February 2, 1943. The reactor went critical on November 4, 1943, and produced its first plutonium in early 1944. It supplied the Los Alamos Laboratory with its first significant amounts of plutonium, and its first reactor-bred product. Studies of these samples heavily influenced bomb design. The reactor and chemical separation plant provided invaluable experience for engineers, technicians, reactor operators, and safety officials who then moved on to the Hanford site. It operated as a plutonium production plant until January 1945, when it was turned over to research activities, and the production of radioactive isotopes for scientific, medical, industrial and agricultural uses. It was shut down in 1963, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938, followed by its theoretical explanation (and naming) by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, opened up the possibility of a controlled nuclear chain reaction with uranium. At Columbia University, Enrico Fermi and Leo Szilard began exploring how this might be done. Szilard drafted a confidential letter to the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, explaining the possibility of atomic bombs, and warning of the danger of a German nuclear weapon project. He convinced his old friend and collaborator Albert Einstein to co-sign it, lending his fame to the proposal. This resulted in support by the USA government for research into nuclear fission, which became the Manhattan Project.</p><br>
<p>In April 1941, the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) asked Arthur Compton, a Nobel-Prize-winning physics professor at the University of Chicago, to report on the uranium program. His report, submitted in May 1941, foresaw the prospects of developing radiological weapons, nuclear propulsion for ships, and nuclear weapons using uranium-235 or the recently discovered plutonium. In October he wrote another report on the practicality of an atomic bomb. Niels Bohr and John Wheeler had theorized that heavy isotopes with odd atomic numbers were fissile. If so, then plutonium-239 was likely to be.</p><br>
<p>Emilio Segrè and Glenn Seaborg at the University of California produced 28 μg of plutonium in the 60-inch cyclotron there in May 1941, and found that it had 1.7 times the thermal neutron capture cross section of uranium-235. At the time plutonium-239 had been produced in minute quantities using cyclotrons, but it was not possible to produce large quantities that way. Compton discussed with Eugene Wigner from Princeton University how plutonium might be produced in a nuclear reactor, and with Robert Serber how the plutonium produced in a reactor might be separated from uranium.</p><br>
<p>The final draft of Compton&#39;s November 1941 report made no mention of using plutonium, but after discussing the latest research with Ernest Lawrence, Compton became convinced that a plutonium bomb was also feasible. In December, Compton was placed in charge of the plutonium project, which was codenamed X-10. Its objectives were to produce reactors to convert uranium to plutonium, to find ways to chemically separate the plutonium from the uranium, and to design and build an atomic bomb. It fell to Compton to decide which of the different types of reactor designs the scientists should pursue, even though a successful reactor had not yet been built. He felt that having teams at Columbia, Princeton, the University of Chicago and the University of California was creating too much duplication and not enough collaboration, and he concentrated the work at the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago.</p><br>
<h2>Site selection</h2><br>
<p>By June 1942, the Manhattan Project had reached the stage where the construction of production facilities could be contemplated. On June 25, 1942, the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) S-1 Executive Committee deliberated on where they should be located. Moving directly to a megawatt production plant looked like a big step, given that many industrial processes do not easily scale from the laboratory to production size. An intermediate step of building a pilot plant was considered prudent. For the pilot plutonium separation plant, a site was wanted close to the Metallurgical Laboratory, where the research was being carried out, but for reasons of safety and security, it was not desirable to locate the facilities in a densely populated area like Chicago.</p><br>
<p>Compton selected a site in the Argonne Forest, part of the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, about 20 mi southwest of Chicago. The full-scale production facilities would be co-located with other Manhattan Project facilities at a still more remote location in Tennessee. Some 1,000 acres of land was leased from Cook County for the pilot facilities, while an 83,000 acre site for the production facilities was selected at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. By the S-1 Executive Committee meeting on September 13 and 14, it had become apparent that the pilot facilities would be too extensive for the Argonne site, so instead a research reactor would be built at Argonne, while the plutonium pilot facilities (a semiworks) would be built at the Clinton Engineer Works in Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>This site was selected on the basis of several criteria. The plutonium pilot facilities needed to be 2 to 4 mi from the site boundary and any other installation, in case radioactive fission products escaped. While security and safety concerns suggested a remote site, it still needed to be near sources of labor, and accessible by road and rail transportation. A mild climate that allowed construction to proceed throughout the year was desirable. Terrain separated by ridges would reduce the impact of accidental explosions, but they could not be so steep as to complicate construction. The substratum needed to be firm enough to provide good foundations, but not so rocky that it would hinder excavation work. It needed large amounts of electrical power (available from the Tennessee Valley Authority) and cooling water. Finally, a War Department policy held that, as a rule, munitions facilities should not be located west of the Sierra or Cascade Ranges, east of the Appalachian Mountains, or within 200 mi of the Canadian or Mexican borders.</p><br>
<p>In December, it was decided that the plutonium production facilities would not be built at Oak Ridge after all, but at the even more remote Hanford Site in Washington state. Compton and the staff at the Metallurgical Laboratory then reopened the question of building the plutonium semiworks at Argonne, but the engineers and management of DuPont, particularly Roger Williams, the head of its TNX Division, which was responsible for the company&#39;s role in the Manhattan Project, did not support this proposal. They felt that there would be insufficient space at Argonne, and that there were disadvantages in having a site that was so accessible, as they were afraid that it would permit the research staff from the Metallurgical Laboratory to interfere unduly with the design and construction, which they considered their prerogative. A better location, they felt, would be with the remote production facilities at Hanford. In the end a compromise was reached. On January 12, 1943, Compton, Williams, and Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., the director of the Manhattan Project, agreed that the semiworks would be built at the Clinton Engineer Works.</p><br>
<p>Both Compton and Groves proposed that DuPont operate the semiworks. Williams counter-proposed that the semiworks be operated by the Metallurgical Laboratory. He reasoned that it would primarily be a research and educational facility, and that expertise was to be found at the Metallurgical Laboratory. Compton was shocked; the Metallurgical Laboratory was part of the University of Chicago, and therefore the university would be operating an industrial facility 500 mi from its main campus. James B. Conant told him that Harvard University "wouldnt touch it with a ten-foot pole", but the University of Chicagos Vice President, Emery T. Filbey, took a different view, and instructed Compton to accept. When University President Robert Hutchins returned, he greeted Compton with "I see, Arthur, that while I was gone you doubled the size of my university".</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The fundamental design decisions in building a reactor are the choice of fuel, coolant and neutron moderator. The choice of fuel was straightforward; only natural uranium was available. The decision that the reactor would use graphite as a neutron moderator caused little debate. Although in heavy water the number of neutrons produced for every one absorbed (known as k) was 10 percent more efficient than in the purest graphite, heavy water would be unavailable in sufficient quantities for at least a year. This left the choice of coolant, over which there was much discussion. A limiting factor was that the fuel slugs would be clad in aluminum, so the operating temperature of the reactor could not exceed about 200 &deg;C. The theoretical physicists in Wigner&#39;s group at the Metallurgical Laboratory developed several designs. In November 1942, the DuPont engineers chose helium gas as the coolant for the production plant, mainly on the basis that it did not absorb neutrons, but also because it was inert, which removed the issue of corrosion.</p><br>
<p>Not everyone agreed with the decision to use helium. Szilard in particular was an early proponent of using liquid bismuth; but the major opponent was Wigner, who argued forcefully in favor of a water-cooled reactor design. He realized that since water absorbed neutrons, k would be reduced by about 3 percent, but had sufficient confidence in his calculations that the water-cooled reactor would still be able to achieve criticality. From an engineering perspective, a water-cooled design was straightforward to design and build, while helium posed technological problems. Wigner&#39;s team produced a preliminary report on water cooling, designated CE-140 in April 1942, followed by a more detailed one, CE-197, titled "On a Plant with Water Cooling", in July 1942.</p><br>
<p>Fermis Chicago Pile-1 reactor, constructed under the west viewing stands of the original Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, went critical on December 2, 1942. This graphite-moderated reactor only generated up to 200 W, but it demonstrated that k was higher than anticipated. This not only removed most of the objections to air-cooled and water-cooled reactor designs, it greatly simplified other aspects of the design. Wigners team submitted blueprints of a water-cooled reactor to DuPont in January 1943. By this time, the concerns of DuPont&#39;s engineers about the corrosiveness of water had been overcome by the mounting difficulties of using helium, and all work on helium was terminated in February. At the same time, air cooling was chosen for the reactor at the pilot plant. Since it would be of a quite different design from the production reactors, the X-10 Graphite Reactor lost its value as a prototype, but its value as a working pilot facility remained, providing plutonium needed for research. It was hoped that problems would be found in time to deal with them in the production plants. The semiworks would also be used for training, and for developing procedures.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Although the design of the reactor was not yet complete, DuPont began construction of the plutonium semiworks on February 2, 1943, on an isolated 112 acre site in the Bethel Valley about 10 mi southwest of Oak Ridge officially known as the X-10 area. The site included research laboratories, a chemical separation plant, a waste storage area, a training facility for Hanford staff, and administrative and support facilities that included a laundry, cafeteria, first aid center and fire station. Because of the subsequent decision to construct water-cooled reactors at Hanford, only the chemical separation plant operated as a true pilot. The semiworks eventually became known as the Clinton Laboratories, and was operated by the University of Chicago as part of the Metallurgical Project.</p><br>
<p>Construction work on the reactor had to wait until DuPont had completed the design. Excavation commenced on April 27, 1943. A large pocket of soft clay was soon discovered, necessitating additional foundations. Further delays occurred due to wartime difficulties in procuring building materials. There was an acute shortage of both common and skilled labor; the contractor had only three-quarters of the required workforce, and there was high turnover and absenteeism, mainly the result of poor accommodations and difficulties in commuting. The township of Oak Ridge was still under construction, and barracks were built to house workers. Special arrangements with individual workers increased their morale and reduced turnover. Finally, there was unusually heavy rainfall, with 9.3 in falling in July 1943, more than twice the average of 4.3 in.</p><br>
<p>Some 700 ST of graphite blocks were purchased from National Carbon. The construction crews began stacking them in September 1943. Cast uranium billets came from Metal Hydrides, Mallinckrodt and other suppliers. These were extruded into cylindrical slugs, and then canned. The fuel slugs were canned to protect the uranium metal from corrosion that would occur if it came into contact with water, and to prevent the venting of gaseous radioactive fission products that might be formed when they were irradiated. Aluminum was chosen as it transmitted heat but did not absorb too many neutrons. Alcoa started canning on June 14, 1943. General Electric and the Metallurgical Laboratory developed a new welding technique to seal the cans airtight, and the equipment for this was installed in the production line at Alcoa in October 1943.</p><br>
<p>Construction commenced on the pilot separation plant before a chemical process for separating plutonium from uranium had been selected. Not until May 1943 would DuPont managers decide to use the bismuth phosphate process in preference to one using lanthanum fluoride. The bismuth phosphate process was devised by Stanley G. Thompson at the University of California. Plutonium had two oxidation states; a tetravalent (+4) state, and hexavalent (+6) state, with different chemical properties. Bismuth phosphate was similar in its crystalline structure to plutonium phosphate, and plutonium would be carried with bismuth phosphate in a solution while other elements, including uranium, would be precipitated. The plutonium could be switched from being in solution to being precipitated by toggling its oxidation state. The plant consisted of six cells, separated from each other and the control room by thick concrete walls. The equipment was operated from the control room by remote control due to the radioactivity produced by fission products. Work was completed on 26 November 1943, but the plant could not operate until the reactor started producing irradiated uranium slugs.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>The X-10 Graphite Reactor was the world&#39;s second artificial nuclear reactor after Chicago Pile-1, and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. It consisted of a huge block, 24 ft long on each side, of nuclear graphite cubes, weighing around 1,500 ST, that acted as a moderator. They were surrounded by 7 ft of high-density concrete as a radiation shield. In all, the reactor was 38 ft wide, 47 ft deep and 32 ft high. There were 36 horizontal rows of 35 holes. Behind each was a metal channel into which uranium fuel slugs could be inserted. An elevator provided access to those higher up. Only 800 (~64%) of the channels were ever used.</p><br>
<p>The reactor used cadmium-clad steel control rods. Made from neutron-absorbing cadmium, these could restrict or halt the reaction. Three 8 ft rods penetrated the reactor vertically, held in place by a clutch to form the scram system. They were suspended from steel cables that were wound around a drum, and held in place by an electromagnetic clutch. If power was lost, they would drop into the reactor, halting it. The other four rods were made of boron steel and horizontally penetrated the reactor from the north side. Two of them, known as "shim" rods, were hydraulically controlled. Sand-filled hydraulic accumulators could be used in the event of a power failure. The other two rods were driven by electric motors.</p><br>
<p>The cooling system consisted of three electric fans running at 55,000 cuft/min. Because they used outside air, the reactor could be run at a higher power level on cold days. After going through the reactor, the air was filtered to remove radioactive particles larger than 0.00004 in in diameter. This took care of over 99 percent of the radioactive particles. It was then vented through a 200 ft chimney. The reactor was operated from a control room in the southeast corner on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>In September 1942, Compton asked a physicist, Martin D. Whitaker, to form a skeleton operating staff for X-10. Whitaker became the inaugural director of the Clinton Laboratories, as the semiworks became officially known in April 1943. The first permanent operating staff arrived from the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago in April 1943, by which time DuPont began transferring its technicians to the site. They were augmented by one hundred technicians in uniform from the Army&#39;s Special Engineer Detachment. By March 1944, there were some 1,500 people working at X-10.</p><br>
<p>Supervised by Compton, Whitaker and Fermi, the reactor went critical on 4 November 1943 with about 30 ST of uranium. A week later the load was increased to 36 ST, raising its power generation to 500 kW, and by the end of the month the first 500 mg of plutonium was created. The reactor normally operated around the clock, with 10-hour weekly shutdowns for refueling. During startup, the safety rods and one shim rod were completely removed. The other shim rod was inserted at a predetermined position. When the desired power level was reached, the reactor was controlled by adjusting the partly inserted shim rod.</p><br>
<p>The first batch of canned slugs to be irradiated was received on December 20, 1943, allowing the first plutonium to be produced in early 1944. The slugs used pure metallic natural uranium, in air-tight aluminum cans 4.1 in long and 1 in in diameter. Each channel was loaded with between 24 and 54 fuel slugs. The reactor went critical with 30 ST of slugs, but in its later life was operated with as much as 54 ST. To load a channel, the radiation-absorbing shield plug was removed, and the slugs inserted manually in the front (east) end with long rods. To unload them, they were pushed all the way through to the far (west) end, where they fell onto a neoprene slab and fell down a chute into a 20 ft pool of water that acted as a radiation shield.</p><br>
<p>By February 1944, the reactor was irradiating a ton of uranium every three days. Over the next five months, the efficiency of the separation process was improved, with the percentage of plutonium recovered increasing from 40 to 90 percent. Modifications over time raised the reactor&#39;s power to 4,000 kW in July 1944. Unfortunately, the effect of the neutron poison xenon-135, one of many fission products produced from the uranium fuel, was not detected during the early operation of the X-10 Graphite Reactor. Xenon-135 subsequently caused problems with the startup of the Hanford B reactor that nearly halted the plutonium project.</p><br>
<p>The X-10 semiworks operated as a plutonium production plant until January 1945, when it was turned over to research activities. By this time, 299 batches of irradiated slugs had been processed. A radioisotope building, a steam plant, and other structures were added in April 1946 to support the laboratory&#39;s peacetime educational and research missions. All work was completed by December 1946, adding another $1,009,000 to the cost of construction at X-10, and bringing the total cost to $13,041,000. Operational costs added another $22,250,000.</p><br>
<p>X-10 supplied the Los Alamos Laboratory with the first significant samples of plutonium. Studies of these by Emilio G. Segrè and his P-5 Group at Los Alamos revealed that it contained impurities in the form of the isotope plutonium-240, which has a far higher spontaneous fission rate than plutonium-239. This meant that it would be highly likely that a plutonium gun-type nuclear weapon would predetonate and blow itself apart during the initial formation of a critical mass. The Los Alamos Laboratory was thus forced to turn its development efforts to creating an implosion-type nuclear weapon—a far more difficult feat.</p><br>
<p>The X-10 chemical separation plant also verified the Bismuth-phosphate process that was used in the full-scale separation facilities at Hanford. Finally, the reactor and chemical separation plant provided invaluable experience for engineers, technicians, reactor operators, and safety officials who then moved on to the Hanford site.</p><br>
<h2>Peacetime use</h2><br>
<p>After the war ended, the graphite reactor became the first facility in the world to produce radioactive isotopes for peacetime use. On August 2, 1946, Oak Ridge National Laboratory director Eugene Wigner presented a small container of carbon-14 to the director of the Barnard Free Skin and Cancer Hospital, for medical use at the hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. Subsequent shipments of radioisotopes, primarily iodine-131, phosphorus-32, carbon-14, and molybdenum-99/technetium-99m, were for scientific, medical, industrial and agricultural uses.</p><br>
<p>The X-10 Graphite Reactor was shut down on November 4, 1963, after twenty years of use. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 21, 1965, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. In 1969 the American Society for Metals listed it as a landmark for its contributions to the advancement of materials science and technology, and in 2008 it was designated as a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society. The control room and reactor face are accessible to the public during scheduled tours offered through the American Museum of Science and Energy.</p><br>
<h2>Similar reactors</h2><br>
<p>The Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) Graphite Research Reactor was the first nuclear reactor to be constructed in the United States following World War II. Led by Lyle Benjamin Borst, the reactor construction began in 1947 and reached criticality for the first time on August 22, 1950. The reactor consisted of a 700 ST, 25 ft cube of graphite fueled by natural uranium. Its primary mission was applied nuclear research in medicine, biology, chemistry, physics and nuclear engineering. One of the most significant discoveries at this facility was the development of production of molybdenum-99/technetium-99m, used today in tens of millions of medical diagnostic procedures annually, making it the most commonly used medical radioisotope. The BNL Graphite Research Reactor was shut down in 1969 and fully decommissioned in 2012.</p><br>
<p>When Britain began planning to build nuclear reactors to produce plutonium for weapons in 1946, it was decided to build a pair of air-cooled graphite reactors similar to the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Windscale. Natural uranium was used as enriched was not available, and similarly graphite was chosen as a neutron moderator because beryllia was toxic and hard to manufacture, while heavy water was unavailable. Use of water as a coolant was considered, but there were concerns about the possibility of a catastrophic nuclear meltdown in the densely populated British Isles if the cooling system failed. Helium was again the preferred choice as a coolant gas, but the main source of it was the United States, and under the 1946 McMahon Act, the United States would not supply it for nuclear weapons production, so, in the end, air cooling was chosen. Construction began in September 1947, and the two reactors became operational in October 1950 and June 1951. Both were decommissioned after the disastrous Windscale fire in October 1957. They would be the last major air-cooled plutonium-producing reactors; the UK&#39;s follow-on Magnox and AGR designs used carbon dioxide instead.</p><br>
<p>The Karkheh or Karkhen  is a river in Khūzestān Province Andimeshk city, Iran  that rises in the Zagros Mountains, and passes west of Shush , eventually falling in ancient times into the Tigris just below its confluence with the Euphrates very near to the Iran-Iraq border. In modern times, after approaching within 10 mi of the Dez River, it turns to the southwest and then, northwest of Ahvaz, turns northwest and is absorbed by the Hawizeh Marshes that straddle the Iran–Iraq border. Its peculiarly sweet water was sacred to the use of the Persian kings. Ancient names for the Karkheh should be treated as conjectural because the bed of the river has changed in historic times, and because a nearby watercourse between the Karkheh and the Dez River, the Shaur, confuses the identification.</p><br>
<p>The problem with the ancient names is that while the Karkheh flows a kilometre or two west of Susa, another major watercourse flows parallel to the Karkheh within a few kilometres east of Susa. When these rivers are in flood stage, the entire area south of Susa can be flooded, as the waters of the two watercourses mingle. The watercourse a kilometre or two east of Susa, now called the Shaur, flows east between the Haft Tepe and Shaur ridges into the Dez River, north of where the Dez and Karun rivers merge. At some previous time, the Karkheh may have joined the eastern end of the Shaur. The timing of these changes is not known with any certainty. The ancient name of the Shaur may have been the Choaspes.</p><br>
<p>The river is mentioned in the Bible, Book of Daniel 8:2,16, and should not be confused with the Choaspes River in modern-day Afghanistan, which flows into the Indus.</p><br>
<p>The river is currently the location of the Karkheh Dam and hydro-power plant in Iran.</p><br>
<p>Lone Mountain is a historic hill in west-central San Francisco, California and the site of the private University of San Francisco  – Lone Mountain Campus, which in turn was previously the San Francisco Lone Mountain College for Women. It was once the location of Lone Mountain Cemetery, a complex encompassing the Laurel Hill, Calvary, Masonic, and Odd Fellows Cemeteries.</p><br>
<p>Lone Mountain is one of California&#39;s historic hills. The hill is near to the former location of the Odd Fellows Cemetery, Masonic Cemetery, and Greek Orthodox Cemetery. The graves in these cemeteries, along with most graves in San Francisco, were moved to Colma by the 1940s. Lone Mountain is also home to the Angelo J. Rossi Playground and Rossi Pool at Arguello Boulevard and Anza Street.</p><br>
<p>Lone Mountain is also known as "University Terrace" because of the terraces that connect the two USF campuses.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The Lone Mountain Cemetery was opened on May 30, 1854.</p><br>
<p>In 1867, the cemetery was renamed Laurel Hill Cemetery, after the Laurel Hill garden cemetery in Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, San Francisco voted most of its cemeteries out of existence, ostensibly for public health reasons; after decades of further dispute the transfer of Lone Mountain&#39;s forty-seven thousand inhabitants began, primarily to Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in the city of Colma, immediately south of San Francisco. In what writer Harold Gilliam has described as "an act of civic vandalism," thousands of crypts and mausoleums were unearthed, the granite and marble dumped along the Pacific shoreline to reinforce seawalls.</p><br>
<p>The Spanish name for Lone Mountain was El Divisadero, from the Spanish divisadero, which means a point from which one can look far.</p><br>
<p>Kopanaki  is a small but scenic town and a community in northwestern Messenia, Peloponnese, Greece. It was the seat of the former municipality of Aetos and now it belongs to the municipality of Trifylia. Agriculture, specifically olive farming, is the main economic activity in the village. The community Kopanaki also includes the small villages Agios Dimitrios and Rizochori.</p><br>
<p>Being the geographical and economic center of upper Trifylia, Kopanaki is well known for "pazari" (bazaar) or "agora", that takes place in the central square every Sunday since 1900 and attracts further population. The messenian tradition of baking "gournopoula" (pig) and selling it on the edge of the street started from this location, initially only on Sundays, for the visitors from far away, so they could have a hearty meal and the power to do the return trip. Today in many places of the region lying on main road someone can find (no matter the day) grilled gournopoula.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kopanaki is situated in the valley of a tributary of the small river Peristeri, between Tetrazio and Kyparissia mountains. It is 12 km east of Kalonero (on the Ionian Sea coast) and 39 km northwest of Kalamata. It is situated on the main road from Pyrgos and Kyparissia to Kalamata and on the metre gauge railway from Kalonero to Zevgolateio.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ruins of a very ancient agricultural settlement near Kopanaki have been excavated in 1980. During the Second World War Kopanaki was one of the first places where the Greeks began an organized resistance against the Nazi invaders.</p><br>
<h2>People and Culture</h2><br>
<p>Panagiotis Meltemis, (1918–1978) (born Panagiotis K. Papadopoulou), poet and a newspaper editor.</p><br>
<p>The town is home to a soccer team (see Messenia Football Clubs Association) known as Diagoras.</p><br>
<p>The Dabie Mountains are a major mountain range located in central China. Running northwest-to-southeast, they form the main watershed between the Huai and Yangtze rivers. The range also marks the boundary between Hubei Province and its neighbors of Henan  and Anhui .</p><br>
<p>The western part of Dabie Mountains has a low elevation of only 1,000–1,300 feet (300–400 meters), though there are a few peaks rising to 3,000 feet (900 meters). The eastern part is higher, averaging more than 3,300 feet (1,000 meters). The highest peak is Mount Tianzhu at 5,820 feet (1,774 meters), with several others topping 5,000 feet (1,500 meters) including the 1,729.13 m high Tiantangzhai.</p><br>
<h2>Landscape</h2><br>
<p>The range is heavily forested (about 85% coverage) and yields valuable bamboo as well as oak, particularly cork oak, making it China&#39;s chief cork-producing area. The region is very poor, and subsistence agriculture is the heart of its economy with rice and tea predominating.</p><br>
<p>The main transportation route across the higher range is from Macheng in Hubei to Huangchuan in Hunan, through the Huai River valley. The main rail and road crossings go north from Wuhan, through the lower elevations.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the high-speed Hewu Passenger Railway opened, connecting Hefei (capital of Anhui) with Wuhan (capital of Hubei) along a short direct route. It uses a number of tunnels when crossing the Dabie range.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Geologically, the range is a complex, stressed structure, making it and the surrounding area subject to earthquakes. In late 2005, a 5.7 magnitude earthquake centered in the northwest corner of Jiangxi province, just south of Jiujiang on the Yangtze killed at least 15 people, injured hundreds, and left several thousand people homeless. It caused tremors in Qichun County in Hubei province and beyond, even reaching as far as the provincial capital of Wuhan.</p><br>
<h2>International Forest Park</h2><br>
<p>This scenic park centered on Tiantangzhai is a key tourist attraction in the highest part of the Dabie mountain range. Total area of the park is 300 square kilometers. Located in Hubei province&#39;s Luotian County and close to the border with Anhui Province, the park is about 68 kilometers from Luotian town, 140 kilometers from Macheng, 150 kilometers from Huangshi, and 210 kilometers from the Hubei provincial capital, Wuhan.</p><br>
<p>Waveland State Historic Site, also known as the Joseph Bryan House, in Lexington, Kentucky is the site of a Greek Revival home and plantation now maintained and operated as part of the Kentucky state park system. It was the home of the Joseph Bryan family, who followed Daniel Boone through the Cumberland Gap, and became an early settler and horseman of this region.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of Waveland begins with the Boone and Bryan families. The two families met in the Yadkin River Valley, North Carolina, when the Boones moved onto the land next to the Bryan family. It was said that the Bryans outfitted several of the Boones hunting trips. Eventually William Bryan married Daniel Boone&#39;s sister, Mary Boone. William and Mary had a son, Daniel Boone Bryan. Daniel Boone surveyed the land that he would give to his nephew, Daniel Boone Bryan, who was a renowned historian, frontiersman, and poet. The area surveyed was about 2,000 acre about six miles from present-day downtown Lexington, Kentucky.</p><br>
<h3>Daniel Boone Bryan</h3><br>
<p>Daniel Boone Bryan settled the land around Waveland by 1786. The name Waveland came from the waves that were visible when the wind blew the fields of grain and hemp surrounding the house. The area was once the home of the biggest hemp and rope producers of the nation. When Daniel Boone Bryan moved to what is now Waveland, he built a small stone cabin. The Waveland mansion was constructed between the fall of 1844 and late 1848. Joseph Bryan had the house built "to please his father" according to a letter written by his son Elijah in 1845. Bryan constructed his office with seven doors, each for a different part of his life. There was a door that connected to the formal dining room, where he and guests would eat. Another door, which locked from his office, was to two upstairs rooms where he would allow travelers to stay if they paid him. He made sure he was able to lock them in for safety reasons. The travelers could not leave their room unless Joseph unlocked the door, meaning he was safe from being robbed or attacked by them at night. Another door led to the fields where the slaves worked. This meant easier communication with them when necessary. Another door led out to the road where businessmen would often travel in to see him. Being an important and successful businessman in Kentucky, he often was visited by others. One door lead into the family parlor, where he could be with his children. The remaining two doors were closets, which were used as safes.</p><br>
<p>Bryan was at once a gunsmith, having a large shop and employing twenty five men at one time; manufacturer of saltpeter and gunpowder; operator of a gristmill, a blacksmith shop, Baptist church, a female seminary, a distillery and a paper mill. He was able to manage all of these successfully. He and his wife Elizabeth had twelve children.</p><br>
<h3>Joseph Bryan</h3><br>
<p>Bryans son, Joseph, inherited Waveland and made the most memorable piece of this historic site. Joseph Bryans wife convinced him to construct a more memorable and beautiful home than his father had built. He tore down the old stone cabin two years after his father&#39;s death so that he could build the large, opulent house that his wife wanted. To reduce construction costs, Bryan constructed the stairway rail using flat pieces of wood instead of rounded ones. Although his wife wanted expensive marble baseboards, Bryan used cheaper stones and had them painted to look like marble.</p><br>
<p>Proof of how successful the Bryans&#39; businesses were was that he was able to construct most of the house using only his businesses and materials on his land; the lumber he used came from Waveland plantations, the wrought iron was made at the Waveland blacksmith, the bricks used in the buildings were made from some clay gathered on the land, which was then burned on site. The resources that were not at Waveland were the stones that were used for the foundation of the house and also for some decorative work. The stones that were needed were quarried and dressed at Tyrone on the Kentucky River and moved to Waveland.</p><br>
<p>Bryan decided to build a classic Greek Revival structure. Inspired by the work of Lexington architect John McMurtry, Bryan hired Washington Allen, a well-known Lexington contractor, to oversee the construction of his new home. The house contained fourteen high ceiling rooms, which made them each cooler in the summer, as heat rises. The main doorway of the mansion is considered to be an exact replica of the doorway of the north entrance to the Erechtheion at the Acropolis in Athens. The house also contains a porch on either side, to give a view of the beautiful surrounding country side, as well as a spacious hall and a portico.</p><br>
<p>Throughout their time at Waveland, the Bryans kept slaves. There were thirteen slaves, three women and ten men. The women were to keep the house clean as well as do the cooking. Margaret Cartmell Bryan, Joseph&#39;s wife, made all of the clothing for all of the slaves and the Bryan family. The invention of the sewing machine significantly reduced the time it took her to make clothing.</p><br>
<p>The male slaves were in charge of the farm. Each one had to keep 20 acre of land. In order to save time traveling, the Bryans allowed the slaves to build houses on the property they kept. The slaves at Waveland enjoyed freedoms that were uncommon for other slaves of the day. When they were not working, they were allowed to hunt for themselves. They were also allowed to buy and sell at the local markets, keeping any profits for themselves. Joseph Bryan also allowed the slaves to keep weapons. The slave quarters were two bricks thick, making them better insulated than many other homes in Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Bryan supported the Confederacy during the Civil War and gave them supplies such as horses and food produced on his land. When Union authorities discovered this, they sought to arrest him. Bryan fled to Canada, returning years later when the war had ended. As a result of the war, the slaves at Waveland were emancipated, but they chose to stay and continue working for Bryan, who paid them for their labor, but charged them rent.</p><br>
<h3>Joseph Henry Bryan</h3><br>
<p>Joseph Henry Bryan, one of Bryan&#39;s eleven children, lost his house, so he and his wife and children moved back into Waveland with his father. Eventually, Joseph Bryan, Sr. moved out, leaving Joseph Henry Bryan as the owner of Waveland. While he owned Waveland, he established it as one of the premier thoroughbred and trotter farms in Kentucky. Waveland produced some great horses such as "Waveland Chief", "Ben-Hur", "Eric", "Olaf" and "Wild Rake", who never lost a heat and was sold to William Rockefeller for $7800 in the 1880s. Joseph Henry Bryan also built a race track across from the mansion. He and other businessmen would go out to watch horse races. The women, who were not allowed to go, would often go up to the top floor of the house and watch the races with their binoculars.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Henry Bryan was a notorious gambler. In less than seven years, he lost over one million dollars. Another family member had to sell their home so that they could try to keep Joseph Henry Bryan from losing the property. Eventually, however, Bryan was unable to pay his debt. For this, he was never forgiven by his family. He had to sell the house at auction just to try to pay off the debt. Salle A. Scott bought Waveland in 1894. She sold the property in 1899 to James A Hullet. In 1956, the Commonwealth of Kentucky bought the house and less than 200 acre of the original 2,000 acre for use by the University of Kentucky as experimental farmland.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1957, Waveland became a museum that depicted Kentucky life from pioneer days to the Civil War. The house sits on 10 acres of land and now depicts life on a plantation during the 1840s. Period-appropriate furniture was donated to the site. Many of the buildings did not survive, but Waveland currently contains the mansion, decorated in Antebellum style, and four outbuildings, which are the ice house, a two-story brick building that was the slave quarters, a barn, and a smokehouse.</p><br>
<p>Tours are given daily for much of the year, and the tour guides dress in the style of the 1840s. Tours include the historic house, the slave quarters, smokehouse and ice house, and focus on the Bryan family and life on a 19th-century Kentucky plantation.</p><br>
<p>The Ansonia is a building on the Upper West Side of New York City, located at 2109 Broadway, between West 73rd and West 74th Streets. It was originally built as a residential hotel by William Earle Dodge Stokes, the Phelps-Dodge copper heir and share holder in the Ansonia Clock Company, and it was named for his grandfather, the industrialist Anson Greene Phelps. In 1899, Stokes commissioned architect Paul E. Duboy  to build the grandest hotel in Manhattan.</p><br>
<p>Stokes would list himself as "architect-in-chief" for the project and hired Duboy, a sculptor who designed and made the ornamental sculptures on the Soldiers and Sailors Monument, to draw up the plans. New Orleans architect Martin Shepard served as draftsman and assistant superintendent of construction on the project. A contractor sued Stokes in 1907, but he would defend himself, explaining that Duboy was in an insane asylum in Paris and should not have been making commitments in Stokes&#39;s name concerning the hotel.</p><br>
<p>In what might be the earliest harbinger of the current developments in urban farming, Stokes established a small farm on the roof of the hotel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ansonia was a residential hotel. The residents lived in luxurious apartments with multiple bedrooms, parlors, libraries, and formal dining rooms that were often round or oval. Apartments featured sweeping views north and south along Broadway, high ceilings, elegant moldings, and bay windows. The Ansonia also had a few small units, one bedroom, parlor and bath; these lacked kitchens. There was a central kitchen and serving kitchens on every floor, so that the residents could enjoy the services of professional chefs while dining in their own apartments. Besides the usual array of tearooms, restaurants, and a grand ballroom, the Ansonia had Turkish baths and a lobby fountain with live seals.</p><br>
<p>Erected between 1899 and 1904, it was the first air-conditioned hotel in New York. The building has an eighteen-story steel-frame structure. Upon its completion in 1904 The Ansonia was the largest residential hotel of its day. The exterior is decorated in the Beaux-Art style with a Parisian style mansard roof. Striking architectural features are the round corner-towers or turrets. Unusual for a Manhattan building, the Ansonia features an open stairwell that sweeps up to a huge domed skylight. The interior corridors may be the widest in the city. For several years Stokes kept farm animals on the building&#39;s roof next to his personal apartment. Another unusual feature of the building is its cattle elevator, which enabled dairy cows to be stabled on the roof.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s original, elaborate copper cornices were removed during World War II and melted down for the war effort.</p><br>
<p>The Ansonia has had many celebrated residents, including baseball player Babe Ruth; writer Theodore Dreiser, in 1912; the leader of the Baháí Faith `Abdul-Bahá; Nobel prize winner in literature Isaac Bashevitz Singer; conductor Arturo Toscanini; composer Igor Stravinsky; fashion designer Koos van den Akker; and Italian tenor Enrico Caruso.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-twentieth-century, the grand apartments had mostly been divided into studios and one-bedroom units, almost all of which retained their original architectural detail.</p><br>
<p>After a short debate in the 1960s, a proposal to demolish the building was fought off by its many musical and artistic residents.</p><br>
<p>From 1977 until 1980, The Ansonia Hotels basement was home to Platos Retreat, an open door swinger sex club. In 1980, the then Mayor Ed Koch shut the club down due to health concerns for public safety. Prior to Plato&#39;s Retreat, the building housed the Continental Baths, a gay bathhouse where Bette Midler provided musical entertainment early in her career, with Barry Manilow as her accompanist It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>In 1992 the Ansonia was converted to a condominium apartment building with 430 apartments. By 2007, most of the rent-controlled tenants had moved out, and the small apartments were sold to buyers who purchased clusters of small apartments and threw them together to recreate the grand apartments of the building&#39;s glory days, with carefully restored Beaux-Arts details.</p><br>
<p>The TD Bank branch on the ground level plays a short video documentary near the main entrance to the bank, which covers the history of the Ansonia. The Ansonia is home to part of the New York campus of the American Musical and Dramatic Academy.</p><br>
<h2>Scandals</h2><br>
<p>In 1916, the Ansonia was the scene of a blackmail plot. Edward R. West, Vice President of the C. D. Gregg Tea and Coffee Company of Chicago, had checked into the hotel with a woman known to him as Alice Williams. Alice Williams was an alias of Helen Godman, also known as "Buda" Godman, who acted as the "lure" for a blackmail gang based in Chicago. West and Godman were together in their room at The Ansonia when two male members of the gang, impersonating Federal law enforcement agents, entered the room and "arrested" West for violation of the Mann Act.After transporting West and Godman back to Chicago, West was coerced into paying the two "agents" $15,000 in order to avoid prosecution, and avoid embarrassment or soiling the reputation of "Alice." West reported the incident after becoming suspicious that not everything was as it seemed. Several of the male blackmailers earned prison terms, but "Buda" Godman was released on bail. She disappeared for many years, but she was eventually caught and charged for trying to fence the Glemby Jewels taken in a 1932 robbery.</p><br>
<p>A key player in the 1919 Black Sox Scandal, the Chicago White Sox first baseman Chick Gandil had an apartment at the Ansonia. According to Eliot Asinof, in his book Eight Men Out, Gandil held a meeting in the Ansonia apartment with his White Sox teammates to recruit them for the scheme to intentionally lose the 1919 World Series.</p><br>
<p>Willie Sutton, the bank robber, was arrested for the sixth time (of eight) two days before Thanksgiving, 1930, while having breakfast at Childs Restaurant in the Ansonia.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In the film Three Days of the Condor (1975), the alley behind the hotel is used as a rendezvous for Robert Redford&#39;s character, which becomes an ambush for a failed assassination.</p><br>
<p>In the film The Sunshine Boys (1975), Walter Matthau&#39;s character has an apartment in the building.</p><br>
<p>It was featured in the film Single White Female (1992) starring Bridget Fonda and Jennifer Jason Leigh.</p><br>
<p>It was featured in the film My Super Ex-Girlfriend (2006) starring Uma Thurman and Luke Wilson.</p><br>
<p>The Ansonia was the basis for the fictional Balmoral building in Jed Rubenfeld&#39;s literary novel The Interpretation of Murder (2006).</p><br>
<p>In the film Perfect Stranger (2007), Halle Berry plays a news reporter who lives in a "professionally decorated $4-million condo in the lavish Ansonia building on the Upper West Side."</p><br>
<p>The building was used in the 2012 TV show 666 Park Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Artist - Clemens Weiss</p><br>
<p>Athletes - Jack Dempsey and Babe Ruth</p><br>
<p>Authors- Theodore Dreiser, Elmer Rice, Cornell Woolrich, Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld, James Fenton</p><br>
<p>Ballerina - Suzanne Farrell</p><br>
<p>Cartoonist and Disney Animator - Walt Kelly</p><br>
<p>Fashion designer - Koos van den Akker (1980–1992)</p><br>
<p>Film actors - Angelina Jolie, Macaulay Culkin, Eric McCormack, and Natalie Portman</p><br>
<p>Impresarios -Sol Hurok and Florenz Ziegfeld</p><br>
<p>Mobster -Arnold Rothstein and fictional character Raymond Reddington</p><br>
<p>Musicians and composers - Mischa Elman, Yehudi Menuhin, Igor Stravinsky, Arturo Toscanini, Heitor Villa-Lobos, Sergei Rachmaninoff and Gustave Mahler</p><br>
<p>Opera stars - Feodor Chaliapin, Italian baritone Giuseppe Danise, Geraldine Farrar, Lauritz Melchior (famed Metropolitan Opera tenor who "practiced archery in the 110 ft corridors"), Ezio Pinza, Lily Pons, Eleanor Steber, Teresa Stratas, Isola Jones and Chloe Schaaf.</p><br>
<p>Actress and Emmy-winning writer - Clarice Blackburn</p><br>
<p>Martin Charles Ansorge (1882–1967) United States Representative from New York.</p><br>
<p>NSF award-winning scientist Elizabeth Belding</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Children living in the Ansonia are eligible to attend schools run by the New York City Department of Education. The building is zoned to P.S. 87, the William Sherman School, but it is unzoned for middle school. Residents of the Ansonia may contact Region 10 to determine the middle-school assignments.</p><br>
<p>Leivatho  is a former municipality on the island of Kefalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kefalonia, of which it is a municipal unit. It lies south of Argostoli, on the central south coast of the island, and has a land area of 62.626 km² and a population of 5,745 . Its largest towns are Peratáta , Svoronáta , Vlacháta , and Lakithra .</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Leivatho is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Kerameies (seat of the former municipality)</p><br>
<p>Karavados</p><br>
<p>Lakithra (Lakithra, Menegata)</p><br>
<p>Lourdata</p><br>
<p>Metaxata</p><br>
<p>Mousata</p><br>
<p>Peratata (Peratata, Kastro)</p><br>
<p>Pesada (Pesada, Dorizata, Kountourata)</p><br>
<p>Spartia (Spartia, Kleismata, Korianna)</p><br>
<p>Svoronata</p><br>
<p>Vlachata (Vlachata, Simotata)</p><br>
<p>Inglewood Forest is a large tract of mainly arable and dairy farm land with a few small woodland areas between Carlisle and Penrith in the English non-metropolitan county of Cumbria or ancient county of Cumberland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Soon after the Norman conquest of England this area became a Royal Forest. The word forest in this sense did not necessarily mean a wooded area but one that was set aside for hunting though several areas of Inglewood were heavily wooded. The animals that were hunted in this area were mainly deer and wild boars.</p><br>
<p>Inglewood means the "Wood of the English or Angles": although Cumbria is usually thought of as a Celtic region, Angles did migrate here before the Viking Invasions and the rule of the area by the Scottish Kingdom of Strathclyde, and the name suggests significant numbers had settled here.</p><br>
<p>The forest boundaries changed many times and included at one time most of the Cumberland wards of Leath and Cumberland but the core or heart of the forest was the parishes of Hesket-in-the-Forest, Skelton and Hutton-in-the-Forest.</p><br>
<p>Andrew of Wyntoun&#39;s Orygynale Chronicle (written c.1420) places the forest as the original setting of the Robin Hood legend, the following is taken from the chronicle:</p><br>
<p>The forest ultimately belonged to the English Crown and was governed by the strict Forest Law exercised by wardens. In the reign of Henry VIII the forest laws were repealed and Inglewood ceased to be a Royal Forest although it is still to this day marked on maps as such".</p><br>
<p>The borough and city of Carlisle (the area within the city walls) was outside the forest though Penrith was within it and was the main administrative centre and market town for the southern part of the region.</p><br>
<h2>Honour of Penrith</h2><br>
<p>The manors of Penrith, Great Salkeld, Langwathby, Carlatton (not Carleton as it sometimes said to be), Castle Sowerby and Scotby were collectively known as the Honour of Penrith and were at first given to the Scottish crown in exchange for Scotland giving up its claim to all of Cumberland. In 1272 King Alexander III complained that a William de Leyburne, the local seneschal, has unlawfully appropriated the manors rents. Later Edward I took them for himself. Later they passed to the Neville family but came back to being Crown property during the Wars of the Roses and remained so until the joint reign of William III and Mary II. The honour was also known as "The Queens Hames" due to the fact the manors were often given to a Queen consort on her marriage or at the death of the previous consort. The last Queen consort to be Lady of the Manor or Honour was Queen Catharine of Braganza, consort of Charles II. Glassonby and Gamblesby were sometimes included in the Honour,</p><br>
<p>William III gave the lands belonging to the manor to his friend William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland whose descendants later sold them to their relatives the Cavendish family.</p><br>
<p>Fort Fillmore, located at 32°13′30″N 106°42′52″W, was a United States military fortification established by Colonel Edwin Vose Sumner in September 1851 near Mesilla in what is now New Mexico, primarily for the purpose of protecting settlers and traders traveling to California. Early frontier migrants were under constant threat from attack by local Native Americans, and a network of forts was eventually created by the USA government to protect and encourage westward expansion. Fort Fillmore was intended to protect a corridor plagued by hostile Apaches, where several migration routes converged between El Paso and Tucson to take advantage of Apache Pass.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Fort Fillmore was originally constructed in the jacal style with upright wood posts plastered over with adobe; later, more substantial adobe walls were erected. Much of the work on the fort was done by the soldiers with the assistance of local Mexican laborers who made the adobe bricks.</p><br>
<p>The post was built on sand hills above the Rio Grande. The Rio Grande would later change its course, making the fort about 1 mile from the river. This forced the army to use water wagons to supply the post with water and made it hard to defend in the event of attack.</p><br>
<p>Fort Fillmore served as an operating base for units of the 1st Dragoons, briefly the 2nd Dragoons, Regiment of Mounted Rifles, and the 3rd and briefly the 8th Infantry Regiments. It was for a time the headquarters of the 3rd Infantry Regiment. The troops were active in the Gila Expedition of 1857 and in operations against the Apaches in the Sacramento Mountains. In one foray, Captain Henry W. Stanton, namesake of Fort Stanton, New Mexico, was killed near the Rio Penasco. His grave was one of the few to be identified when the abandoned post was inspected in 1869. Most of the soldiers and civilians interred in the forts cemetery are still buried there on a sand ridge southeast of the remains of the fort. A fence and flagpole are now located on the cemeterys site.</p><br>
<p>Possibly the most famous soldier who served at Fort Fillmore was Captain George Pickett. Pickett is best remembered for leading the fateful charge on July 3, 1863 at the Battle of Gettysburg. In 1855, Union General Ambrose Burnside used the fort as a supply point when he drilled geothermal wells about fifteen miles west of the post.</p><br>
<h2>Abandonment</h2><br>
<p>Two days after the Union&#39;s unsuccessful attack on Confederate soldiers under the command of Lt. Col. John Baylor at the First Battle of Mesilla on July 25, 1861, Fort Fillmore was set afire and abandoned by the Union army. As they retreated back to Fort Stanton under Major Isaac Lynde, they became desperately thirsty and exhausted. When 300 Confederate soldiers approached the 500 retreating Union soldiers, Lynde surrendered his demoralized troops without firing a shot.</p><br>
<p>On August 7, 1862, federal troops near Fort Fillmore engaged in a skirmish with Confederate troops retreating from Santa Fe, defeating them.</p><br>
<p>The fort was officially closed by the Union in October 1862, but sources continue to mention Fort Fillmore as a waypoint along several major routes throughout the period of westward expansion. The Upper and Lower Emigrant Trails converged in El Paso and, along with the Butterfield, Pacific and Overland Trails, passed through the corridor Fort Fillmore was erected to defend. The remains of the fort were leveled at some later date after a failed attempt by the owner to sell or trade it to the State of New Mexico as a park. A grove of pecan trees now stands on the approximate location of the fort.</p><br>
<p>El Santuario de Chimayó is a Roman Catholic church in Chimayó, New Mexico, United States.  This shrine, a National Historic Landmark, is famous for the story of its founding and as a contemporary pilgrimage site. It receives almost 300,000 visitors per year and has been called "no doubt the most important Catholic pilgrimage center in the United States."</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Santuario is on Juan Medina Drive in Chimayó. It is entered through a walled courtyard. Built of adobe with a bell tower on each side, Pointed caps on the towers and a metal pitched roof (blocking the clerestory) were added after 1917, probably in the 1920s. The "elegant" doors were carved by the 19th-century carpenter Pedro Domínguez. An unusual feature is two side-by-side rooms at the entrance forming a vestibule or narthex, once used for storage. The nave contains a crucifix by the santero "Molleno" (fl. 1800–1850) representing Christ of Esquipulas, 6 ft tall. Other notable folk-art decorations include five reredoses</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 19th Century, nineteen families lived in what was then called El Potrero de Chimayó (potrero means pasture). The land where the Santuario now stands belonged to Don Bernardo Abeyta, one of the first members of Los Hermanos de la Fraternidad Piadosa de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno (the Penitentes) in the area. Also, he was probably devoted to the Christ of Esquipulas, a pilgrimage site in Guatemala where the clay is ascribed healing power. A nephew of Don Bernardo was christened Juan de Esquipulas in 1805.</p><br>
<p>Bernardo Abeyta built a small chapel to the Christ of Esquipulas on the present site around 1810. On November 15, 1813, he wrote to Father Sebastián Álvarez, the parish priest of Santa Cruz de la Cañada, asking him to write to the Episcopal See of Durango for permission to build a bigger church in which the people of El Potrero could worship Jesus as he appeared at Esquipulas and could hear Mass. The next day, Fr. Álvarez wrote the letter, mentioning that cures were reported and many pilgrims were arriving. On February 8, 1814, Francisco Fernández Valentín, Vicar General of the Diocese of Durango, wrote back with permission. By 1816 the chapel was replaced by the present church.</p><br>
<p>Abeyta&#39;s daughter, Carmen Abeyta de Chaves, inherited the property and kept it despite an attempt to force her to give it to the Church; a major source of her income was donations from pilgrims. Her daughter, María de los Ángeles Chaves, inherited it in turn and was the owner as of 1915. members of the newly formed Spanish Colonial Arts Society bought the property and donated it to the Archdiocese of Santa Fe.</p><br>
<p>El Santuario de Chimayó was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Current observances</h2><br>
<p>Each year some 30,000 people from all over the world make pilgrimages to the Santuario de Chimayó during Holy Week, especially on Holy Thursday and Good Friday, some seeking blessings and some in fulfillment of a vow. Walking is traditional; some pilgrims walk from as far away as Albuquerque, about 90 miles (150 km).</p><br>
<p>Many visitors to the church take a small amount of the "holy dirt", often in hopes of a miraculous cure for themselves or someone who could not make the trip. Formerly, at least, they often ate the dirt. (Likewise pilgrims to the original shrine of Esquipulas eat the supposedly curative clay found there.) Now seekers of cures more commonly rub themselves with the dirt or simply keep it. The Church replaces the dirt in the pocito from the nearby hillsides, sometimes more than once a day, for a total of about 25 or 30 tons a year.</p><br>
<p>The Church takes no position on whether miracles have occurred at the Santuario. The feast of Our Lord of Esquipulas is celebrated on January 15 or on the Sunday nearest that date.</p><br>
<p>The feast of St. James the Great (Santiago) is celebrated on the fourth weekend of July.</p><br>
<h2>Legends</h2><br>
<p>Some say that before the Spaniards arrived, a hot spring that then flowed near the site was sacred to the Tewa Indians for its healing powers.</p><br>
<p>One version of the legend says that during Holy Week, Abeyta (or a friar) saw a light shining from the hillside and dug the crucifix up with his bare hands. He turned it over to Fr. Álvarez, who took it to the Santa Cruz church, but the crucifix mysteriously returned to the spot where Abeyta found it. After the third time this happened, Álvarez and Abeyta decided to build a chapel on the spot to house the crucifix.</p><br>
<p>Another version says Abeyta was watching his sheep and contemplating his blessings, though he was sick, when a vision of his patron saint, San Esquipula, beckoned to him. He went to the place where the saint had appeared and knelt; he was cured immediately. Other people also were cured there, and Abeyta built the chapel in thanks.</p><br>
<p>A third version says that the crucifix had belonged to a priest from Esquipulas who accompanied the first Spanish settlers in Chimayó. He was killed by Indians and buried in Chimayó. A flood of the Santa Cruz River (a small tributary of the Rio Grande) in the spring of 1810 uncovered the body and the crucifix. People who remembered the priest dedicated the shrine to the Christ of Esquipulas.</p><br>
<h2>Skeptical reception</h2><br>
<p>In 2013, skeptical investigator Joe Nickell has written that "claims made for holy dirt at Chimayó are unwarranted. Despite borrowed and contrived legends that the site is miraculous, the soil is actually an ordinary variety trucked in from elsewhere and merely blessed."</p><br>
<p>Researcher Benjamin Radford reported finding little evidence to corroborate claims of miraculous cures in his 2014 book Mysterious New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The Anson Mills Building is a historic building located at 303 North Oregon Street in El Paso, Texas. The building stands on the original site of the 1832 Ponce de León ranch. Anson Mills hired Henry C. Trost of the Trost and Trost architectural firm to design and construct the building. Trost was the areas foremost pioneer in the use of reinforced concrete. Built in 1910-1911, the building was only the second concrete-frame skyscraper in the United States, and one of the largest all-concrete buildings. At 145 feet , the 12-story Mills Building was the tallest building in El Paso when completed. The architectural firm of Trost and Trost moved its offices to the building upon completion, where they remained until 1920. The Mills family sold the building in 1965. The building stands on a corner site opposite San Jacinto Plaza, with a gracefully curved street facade that wraps around the south and east sides. Like many of Trosts designs, the Anson Mills Building&#39;s overall form and strong verticality, as well as details of the ornamentation and cornice, are reminiscent of the Chicago School work of Louis Sullivan.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, the Mills Building&#39;s windows were replaced with vertical bands of mirrored glass, radically altering its appearance.</p><br>
<p>Also, a Mills Building is located at 1700 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC. This building is currently owned by Mills descendants.</p><br>
<p>Fort Macomb is a 19th-century United States brick fort in Louisiana, on the western shore of Chef Menteur Pass. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The fort is adjacent to the Venetian Isles community, now legally within the city limits of New Orleans, Louisiana. This community was some miles distant from the city when first built and is still distant from the main developed portion of the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Chef Menteur Pass is a water route from the Gulf of Mexico to Lake Pontchartrain and the lakeshore of New Orleans. (The other route is the Rigolets; both straits connect Pontchartrain to the Gulf via Lake Borgne.) An earlier fort at the site was called Fort Chef Menteur.</p><br>
<p>The United States built the current brick fort in 1822, just seven years after British forces invaded the New Orleans area from the sea, at the close of the War of 1812. It was named Fort Wood in 1827 renamed Fort Macomb in 1851, for General Alexander Macomb, former Chief of Engineers and the second Commanding General of the United States Army.</p><br>
<p>The small fort shaped like a pie wedge has a curved front facing the channel; the curve overlaps the two straight walls, forming demi-bastions. At the salient of the two straight walls is a full bastion facing landward. The fort was surrounded by two wet ditches (moats) with extensive outworks between the ditches. On the parade of the fort stands a citadel, a defensive barracks.</p><br>
<p>A Confederate States Army garrison took control of and occupied the fort starting on 28 January 1861 early in the American Civil War. In 1862 the Union Army regained control of the fort and also occupied New Orleans.</p><br>
<p>In 1867 the barracks caught fire, after which the fort was largely abandoned by the USA Army. It was decommissioned in 1871.</p><br>
<h2>In recent years</h2><br>
<p>The fort and its land are now owned by the State of Louisiana. While some efforts were made to open it to limited tourism in the late 20th century, the decaying condition of the fort was judged too hazardous for public visits. The similar but better preserved Fort Pike, some 10 mi away at the Rigolets, is the regional coastal fort that is open to visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Representation in other media</h2><br>
<p>The climax of the first season finale of the 2014 HBO television series True Detective was filmed on location at Fort Macomb.</p><br>
<p>This site is also a filming location for the television series Into the Badlands in 2015.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, Beyoncé filmed portions of her visual album, Lemonade at Fort Macomb.</p><br>
<p>Chandraketugarh is an archaeological site located beside the Bidyadhari river, about 35 km north-east of Kolkata, India, in the district of North 24 parganas, near the township of Berachampa and the Harua Road railhead.</p><br>
<p>Years of excavation within 1957-68 (conducted by Asutosh Museum of Indian Art) have revealed relics of several historical periods, although the chronological classification of the relics remains incomplete.</p><br>
<p>According to some historians, the Chandraketugarh site and surrounding area could be the place known to ancient Greek and Roman writers as having the same name as the river Ganges (Γάγγης) sometimes referred to as Gangaridai.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>The legend of Khana (A medieval Bengali language poet and legendary astrologer between the ninth and 12th centuries AD, also named Lilavati elsewhere) centers around her association with Chandraketugarh (here, a mound has been discovered amongst ruins with the names of Khana and Mihir associated with it) and that she was the daughter-in-law of the famous astronomer and mathematician, Varāhamihira (505 – 587), also called Varaha or Mihira, a jewel among Chandragupta II Vikramaditya&#39;s famed Navaratna sabha.</p><br>
<p>It is widely believed that Khana was Varahamihiras daughter-in-law, and an accomplished astrologer, becoming thereby a potential threat to Varahamihiras scientific career. However, she exceeded him in the accuracy of her predictions, and at some point, either her husband (or father-in-law) or a hired hand (or possibly Khana herself under great duress) cut off her tongue to silence her prodigious talent.</p><br>
<p>There is an another and most famous legend of King Chandraketu and Pir Gorachand (an Arab missionary of 14th century named Syed Abbas Ali).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Chandraketugarh is thought to be a part of the ancient kingdom Gangaridai that was first described by Ptolemy. The history of Chandraketugarh dates back to almost the 3rd century BC, during the pre-Mauryan era. Artefacts suggest that the site was continuously inhabited and flourished through the Shunga-Kushana period, onwards through the Gupta period and finally into the Pala-Sena period. Archaeological studies suggest that Chandraketugarh was an important town and a port city. It had a high encircling wall complete with a rampart and moat. The residents were involved in various crafts and mercantile activities. Although the religious inclinations of the people are unclear, hints of the beginning of some future cults can be seen in the artefacts. Some of the potteries carry inscriptions in Kharoshthi and Brahmi scripts.</p><br>
<p>After these periods, there was no such example of any other civilization on the ruin of Chandraketugarh.</p><br>
<h2>Excavated Archeological Objects</h2><br>
<p>Chandraketugarh features many examples of terracotta art, displaying an unusual degree of precision and craftsmanship. These plaques are comparable to those found at other better-known sites such as Kaushambi and Ahichhatra. The terracotta plaques from these sites often carry similar motifs executed in nearly identical fashion. This similarity suggests an established communication link and common cultural heritage among these sites.</p><br>
<p>Finds include Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) relics, later wares dated from about 400 BC to 100 BC and approximately contemporary with the Maurya period, as well as from the more recent Kushanas and Gupta periods.</p><br>
<p>A large number of silver punch-marked coins and a few gold coins have been unearthed from Chandraketugarh, including a gold coin of Chandragupta-Kumardevi. A large number of semi-precious stone beads were also found here, along with items made of ivory and bone. Even a few wooden objects have survived.</p><br>
<p>The James Blake House is the oldest house in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The address is 735 Columbia Road, in Edward Everett Square. This neighborhood of Dorchester is a few blocks from the Dorchester Historical Society which now owns the building. The house is located just a block from Massachusetts Avenue. Tours are given on the third Sunday of the month.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built around 1661 by James Blake, an English immigrant. Blake used a Western English style of medieval architecture in constructing the house. The Blake family owned the house until 1825 when it was acquired by the Williams family. In 1891, the City of Boston acquired the house. In order to preserve the house from demolition in 1896 the Dorchester Historical Society acquired the property from the City and moved the house less than 500 feet from its original location by Massachusetts Avenue to its current location. In 1978, the interior and exterior of the house were designated as a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission.</p><br>
<p>The immediate area, as well as the house, have been undergoing an extensive renovation and preservation. The house was completely re-shingled and the grounds improved.</p><br>
<p>Sutkagan Dor  is the westernmost known archaeological site of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is located about 480 km west of Karachi on the Makran coast, near the Iranian border, in Pakistan&#39;s Baluchistan Province. The site is near the western bank of the Dasht River and its confluence with a smaller stream, known as the Gajo Kaur. It was a smaller settlement with substantial stone walls and gateways.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Sutkagan Dor was discovered in 1875 by Major Edward Mockler, who conducted small-scale excavation.</p><br>
<p>In 1928 Aurel Stein visited the area as part of his Gedrosia tour, and carried out further digs. In October 1960, Sutkagan Dor was more extensively excavated by George F. Dales as a part of his Makran Survey, uncovering structures made from stone and mud bricks without straw.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>This site measures approximately 4.5 hectares (300 × 150 m). Along with the typical "citadel" and "lower town", there is a massive fortification wall of semi-dressed stones. This citadel wall varies in height and thickness due to the irregular contours of the natural rock foundation, but at one point about midway along the eastern wall, it is approximately 7.5 m thick at the base. The inner face of the wall is slightly battered, whereas the outer face has a decided slope, varying from 23° to 40°.</p><br>
<h2>Coastal route</h2><br>
<p>Though inland at present, the site may have been near navigable water in ancient times, on a trade route between other centers. A coastal route existed linking sites such as Lothal and Dholavira to Sutkagan Dor on the Makran coast. It has been suggested that the site may well have been an important trading post, connecting seaborne trade from the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the hinterland.</p><br>
<h2>Findings</h2><br>
<p>Stein recovered 127 flint blades without cores measuring up to 27.5 cm. Stone vessels, stone arrowheads, copper arrowheads, shell beads, pottery, and various other items were found. A copper-bronze disc probably associated with the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) was also discovered there.</p><br>
<p>Alchester is the site of an ancient Roman town. The site is not included in any ancient references so the Roman name is not known.</p><br>
<p>It lies about 2 mi south of Bicester, in the northwest corner of the civil parish of Wendlebury in the English county of Oxfordshire.</p><br>
<p>Alchester had a strategic location in Roman Britain at a crossroads on the Silchester&ndash;Dorchester&ndash;Towcester road and the Cirencester&ndash;St Albans road (Akeman Street). Recent excavations have shown that it was the site of one of the earliest legionary fortresses in Roman Britain after the invasion of 43 AD.</p><br>
<p>The site has been the subject of investigation since 1996, first under the auspices of Oxford University Archaeological Society, then under those of Leicester and Edinburgh Universities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archaeology has shown an Iron Age settlement close to the later Roman town, and that Roman occupation of the site began in the Claudian period in the form of a fort soon after the invasion of Britain in 43 AD.</p><br>
<h3>Military Phase</h3><br>
<p>From the time of the Roman invasion Alchester was in a strategic position in the border region of the Catuvellauni and Dobunni tribes, and in an ideal position to exercise control over wide areas.</p><br>
<p>During the first few years after the invasion, a large legionary fortress of the Legio II Augusta commanded by Vespasian was built here. Alchester was situated behind the early military front line of the Fosse Way in an ideal position as a supply base.</p><br>
<p>After the conquest of most of the rest of Roman Britain, the legion moved to Exeter before AD 68 and abandoned the fortress.</p><br>
<h3>Civilian Era</h3><br>
<p>The town continued to grow, helped by its location at a road junction. Walls were built around the town during the turbulent times of the late 3rd century.</p><br>
<p>After the 5th century the place was deserted.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<h3>The Legionary Fortress</h3><br>
<p>Playing-card-shaped enclosures with ditches were shown on aerial photographs taken in 1943–45. Excavations in 1990 focussed initially on the Roman military enclosure near and under the later Roman town, and then on its fortified annex. This proved that the larger enclosure was indeed surrounded by an army-style V-shaped ditch characteristic of a fort.</p><br>
<p>The spread in time and frequency of early objects and the buildings shows that the fort was more substantial than a vexillation camp and existed for a longer time than a temporary camp for use only during the invasion.</p><br>
<p>Investigation of the gate of the annex revealed two wooden gateposts preserved in waterlogged conditions for which Dendrochronology gives both of them felling dates of between October AD 44 and March AD 45. The main fortress must have been built earlier and probably in the year of invasion, 43 AD.</p><br>
<p>The smaller enclosure, with its U-shaped ditch and square corners was atypical for Roman forts, and was interpreted as a parade ground. Parallels for this have been found associated with legionary fortress of Lambaesis (Algeria), as well as at Tomen y Mur (Gwynedd). The presence of this would also support the idea of a fairly permanent military base.</p><br>
<p>The discovery in 2003 of smashed fragments of the tombstone of Lucius Valerius Geminus, a veteran of the Legio II Augusta is significant in that it shows he retired from the legion while stationed at Alchester even though he came from north-west Italy and lived in the vicinity until his death.</p><br>
<p>The fortress must have been well-established and probably associated with a nearby vicus.</p><br>
<p>The inscription reads:</p><br>
<p>Dis Manibus/ L(ucius) Val(erius) L(uci filius) Pol(lia tribu) Gemi/nus For(o) Germ(anorum)/ vet(eranus) Leg(ionis) I Aug(ustae)/ an(norum) L h(ic) s(itus) e(st)/ he(res) c(uravit)/ e(x) t(estamento)</p><br>
<p>"To the souls of the departed: Lucius Valerius Geminus, the son of Lucius, of the Pollia voting tribe, from Forum Germanorum, veteran of the Second Augustan Legion, aged 50(?), lies here. His heir had this set up in accordance with his will."</p><br>
<p>The size of the fort at 14-15ha including the annex is larger than that estimated for the previous fortress of Legio II Augusta at Strasbourg. Other finds also support the conclusion that this was its legionary fortress soon after invasion of Britain and before it moved to Exeter, and that its commander Vespasian was located here rather than in southern England at this time.</p><br>
<p>Evidence from coins found at the site suggest abandonment was likely to have taken place before the death of Emperor Nero in AD 68</p><br>
<h3>The Town</h3><br>
<p>Outside the western defences, excavation in 1766 of what was then a prominent mound known as the Castle uncovered a sizable Roman bath.</p><br>
<p>Excavations in 2003 of the town wall near the west gate showed this had been robbed of building stone in post-Roman times, except for two stones that were found in situ and the wall&#39;s rubble foundations.</p><br>
<p>The area bounded by defences, about 10 hectare, is almost square, with the earliest defences consisting of a gravel rampart and one or more ditches; later, a stone wall was added to the rampart. The dating of these two phases is obscure.</p><br>
<p>The planning of streets approaches a rectangular grid, uncommon in smaller Romano-British towns. Along the main street, aerial archaeology has revealed a number of narrow, rectangular strip buildings. Near the centre of the town lay a building with a central court, surrounded by a portico on three sides.</p><br>
<p>Lake Varna  is the largest by volume and deepest liman or lake along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, divided from the sea by a 2 km-wide strip of sand and having an area of 17 km², maximal depth 19 m, and a volume of 166 million m³.</p><br>
<p>The lake has an elongated shape, its south shores are high, steep and wooded, and the north slant. Lake Varna was formed in a river valley by the raising of sea level near the end of the Pleistocene. Its bottom is covered by a thick alluvium of slime and hydrogen sulphide mud in the deepest parts; there are large deposits of medicinal fango (mineral mud). A number of rivers pour into the lake, including Devnya and Provadiyska that empty near the western shores of Lake Beloslav, which is connected to Lake Varna.</p><br>
<p>Until the 20th century, fresh water from the lake emptied into the Black Sea through the Devnya River, but following the construction of the modern Port of Varna East (and the subsequent draining of the river), a canal was dug through the strip of sand between the sea and the lake between 1906 and 1909, which led to the lake&#39;s level dropping by 1.40 m and the incursion of sea water into the lake, which became brackish.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, when a new 12 m-deep canal crossed by the Asparuhov most began operating, the lake was dredged along the stream. Another navigable canal to the west lead through the neighboring Lake Beloslav to the Port of Varna West and the Railroad Ferry Terminal. A couple of smaller specialized ports dot Lake Varnas north shore, notably the Port of LesPort and the Port of Varna Thermal Power Plant. Industrialization came at the cost of the lakes reputation of a rich fishing ground that had sustained human settlements for nearly 100,000 years.</p><br>
<p>The Varna Necropolis, where the oldest gold treasure in the world was found, is located near the north shore, while the city of Varna is situated at the lake&#39;s eastern extremity. Also along the north shore are the villages of Kazashko and Ezerovo, and the villages of Zvezditsa and Konstantinovo overlook the lake from the southern heights.</p><br>
<p>Friends Hospital is a mental hospital located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1813 by Quakers as The Asylum for the Relief of Persons Deprived of the Use of Their Reason, the institution was later renamed the Frankford Asylum for the Insane. It was the first private mental hospital in the nation, and is the oldest such institution with a continuous history of operation. Its campus, which dates to its founding, is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Friends Hospital is accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and licensed by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Mission</h2><br>
<p>The 1813 mission statement of the hospital was "To provide for the suitable accommodation of persons who are or may be deprived of the use of their reason, and the maintenance of an asylum for their reception, which is intended to furnish, besides requisite medical aid, such tender, sympathetic attention as may soothe their agitated minds, and under the Divine Blessing, facilitate their recovery."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Quakers established Friends Hospital in 1813, drawing on a belief that all persons could live a "moral, ordered existence if treated with kindness, dignity, and respect", despite disabilities. The influential minister Thomas Scattergood decried what he considered the harsh conditions faced by patients in mental asylums; Scattergood instead called for the "moral treatment" of patients. This model served as an inspiration for the establishment of the Friends Asylum for Persons Deprived of the Use of Their Reason; it was the nation’s first privately run psychiatric hospital.</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>&#39;Patient Services:</p><br>
<p>Adolescent Program&#39;</p><br>
<p>Adult Programs</p><br>
<p>Older Adult Program</p><br>
<p>Greystone Program at Friends Hospital</p><br>
<p>Located on the grounds of the Friends Hospital, the Greystone Program is a long-term community residence designed to meet the special needs for individuals with severe and persistent mental illnesses. Consisting of two houses, Greystone House and Hillside House, the program is dedicated to helping its residents move toward recovery, greater independence, and an enhanced quality of life. The Greystone Program emphasizes the development of skills of daily living, socialization, purposeful activity, and recovery enables residents to realize their dignity, worth and highest individual potential. Many residents have chosen to make the Greystone Program their permanent home while other will successfully transition to a less structured environment.</p><br>
<p>Cape Enniberg is a cliff located on the Island of Viðoy. It is 754 m high, thus one of the highest promontories in the world. Enniberg is the northernmost point of the Faroe Islands.</p><br>
<p>From the landside, only experienced mountain climbers with a trained local guide should attempt to scale the cliff. As a normal hiker, one can only reach a certain height on the trail without a problem. However, as in the rest of the Faroes, fog can roll in suddenly and linger for a long time.</p><br>
<p>At the southern foot of the nearby 844 m mountain, Villingadalsfjall, lies the town of Viðareiði.</p><br>
<p>All summer long, as long as there is good weather, there are boating trips to Cape Enniberg. People come not only to see the cliff&#39;s imposing size, but also the famous bird colony found there. The colony is the most important in the archipelago.</p><br>
<p>The Nehemiah Royce House, also known as the Washington Elm House, is a historic home located at 538 North Main Street, Wallingford, Connecticut. George Washington visited the house twice. In 1775, while on his way to take command of the Continental Army in Cambridge, Massachusetts and again in 1789 when he gave an address to the townspeople in front of the house near the Elm.</p><br>
<h2>Biography of Nehemiah Royce</h2><br>
<h3>Early life</h3><br>
<p>He was born 1 Apr 1636 in Norwich, New London, Connecticut, the son of Robert Royce (c. 1606–1676) and Mary Sims. He died on November 1, 1706 at New Haven, Connecticut and is buried in Center Street Cemetery, Wallingford, Connecticut</p><br>
<h3>Marriage and family</h3><br>
<p>On Nov. 20, 1660, he married Hannah Morgan at New London New London County, Connecticut. They were the parents of nine children. She was born on July 18, 1642 at Roxbury, Suffolk County, Massachusetts and died on June 19, 1677 at Wallingford, New Haven County, Connecticut. She was the daughter of James Morgan and Margery Hill. He married as his second wife, Esther Moss in 1678.</p><br>
<p>Royce, a carpenter, joiner and blacksmith by trade, was one of Wallingford&#39;s original 38 proprietors authorized by the Connecticut General Assembly in 1667 to purchase land from Mantowese and Sunk Squa, daughter of the Great Sachem of the Quinnipiacs. On May 12, 1670, Wallingford was incorporated and about 126 people settled in the town. On May 11, 1693 Royce was elected deputy representing Wallingford to the Court of the Connecticut Colony.</p><br>
<h3>Descendants</h3><br>
<p>Nehemiah Royce&#39;s descendants number in the thousands today. Some of his notable descendants include:</p><br>
<p>Jonathan Brace, (1754–1837) was a United States Representative from Connecticut. He was born in Harwinton, Connecticut and graduated from Yale College in 1779.</p><br>
<p>Clint Eastwood, American film actor, director, and producer</p><br>
<p>Millard Fillmore, (1800–1874) was the 13th President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853 and the last member of the Whig Party (United States) to hold that office.</p><br>
<p>Oliver Wolcott Gibbs, was an American editor, humorist, theatre critic, playwright and author of short stories, who worked for The New Yorker magazine from 1927 until his death in 1958.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton Jeffers, (1893–1978) was a noted astronomer.</p><br>
<p>John Robinson Jeffers, (1887–1962) was an American poet, known for his work about the central California coast. He is considered an icon of the environmental movement.</p><br>
<p>George B. McClellan, Civil War general, Governor of New Jersey, Democratic opponent of Abraham Lincoln in the 1864 United States presidential election.</p><br>
<p>Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903) was an American journalist, landscape designer and father of American landscape architecture, famous for designing many well-known urban parks, including Central Park in New York City.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1672, the Royce house is an example of American colonial saltbox architectural style and is the oldest extant house in Wallingford. George Washington visited the house in 1775, when he was on his way to take command of the Continental Army in Cambridge, Massachusetts (he passed through Wallingford again in 1789). He stopped in Wallingford to purchase gunpowder from a nearby mill and addressed the residents of the town in front of the house near the Elm.</p><br>
<p>The Royce family occupied the house for over 200 years. The house was moved to its current location in 1924. For a time it was a museum and then was used as a residence by Choate Rosemary Hall, until the school donated the house to the Wallingford Historic Preservation Trust in 1999. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Architects Richard Henry Dana, Jr. and J. Frederick Kelly and other architectural historians assisted in the restoration of the house.</p><br>
<p>The Asa Gray House, recorded in an HABS survey as the Garden House, is a historic house at 88 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts. A National Historic Landmark, it is notable architecturally as the earliest known work of the designer and architect Ithiel Town, and historically as the residence of several Harvard College luminaries. Its most notable occupant was Asa Gray , a leading botanist who published the first complete work on American flora, and was a vigorous defender of the Darwinian theory of evolution.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gray House was designed in 1810 by architect Ithiel Town, whose earliest known work it is. It was built for the zoologist William Dandridge Peck, and originally stood at the corner of Garden and Linnaean Streets in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the grounds of the Harvard College Botanical Garden. Subsequent occupants included botanist Thomas Nuttall and Harvard presidents James Walker and Jared Sparks. Asa Gray purchased the house in 1842 and moved in during the summer of 1844, after receiving an appointment to a professorship at Harvard that he would hold for 45 years. Already a rising star in the world of botany, Gray in 1848 published The General of the Plants of the United States, which was not only groundbreaking for the content, but also in its presentation. His discovery of relationships between plants of North America and East Asia was influential in the growth of the field of plant geography. His highly public defense of Charles Darwin&#39;s On the Origin of Species gained him widespread attention in the public sphere.</p><br>
<p>The Gray House was purchased in 1910 by Allen Cox, who moved it to its present address the same year. It is a private residence, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house has a rectangular main block, measuring 40 x, with a side ell that is about 24 ft square. When first built, it was attached to a plant conservatory that was also designed by Town. The house is two stories tall and five bays wide, with a hip roof surrounded by a low balustrade. The main facade is flushboarded, with pilasters at the corners; the other sides of the house are sheathed in clapboards. The cornice on the main block is dentillated; that on the ell is plain. The main entrance is centered on the front facade, with sidelight windows on either side and a fanlight window above. The entry is sheltered by a portico supported by clustered square columns; this portico is a replacement to the original, made when the house was moved. There is a secondary entrance in the ell, which is sheltered by a closed-in porch dating to c. 1920. At the rear of the house is an addition, roughly dating to the move but extended later, which incorporates a formerly-external shed into the house.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house follows a typical Federal-period center hall plan, with the central hall divided into front and rear sections (each with a staircase) by a doorway with a fanlight. There are two rooms on either side of the central hall. The woodwork in the public spaces is not particularly elaborate, with simple cornice moldings and fireplace surrounds, and flared moldings around the windows. The downstairs room of the ell served as Asa Gray&#39;s study, and includes a number of wood-frame display cases lining one wall.</p><br>
<p>The Blaine House, also known as James G. Blaine House, is the official residence of the Governor of Maine and his or her family. The Executive Mansion was officially declared the residence of the Governor in 1919 with the name "The Blaine House." It is located at Capitol and State Streets in Augusta, Maine, United States, across the street from the Maine State House.</p><br>
<p>The Blaine House was donated to the State of Maine for use as a Governors residence by Harriet Blaine Beale in 1919. The house dates back to 1833 and was built by James Hall, a retired ships captain. James G. Blaine, then the Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives, purchased it in 1862 as a present for his wife, the former Harriet Stanwood, daughter of a prominent Augusta family. Blaine substantially enlarged the building, constructing an addition at the rear that was a near replica of the original structure, and removing interior walls to create a large entertainment space.</p><br>
<p>During World War I the house was used by Maines Committee for Public Safety. It was presented to the State by Blaines youngest daughter, Mrs. Harriet Blaine Beale, and established by the 1919 Legislature as the official residence of the Governor of Maine. It was remodeled, to designs by the noted Maine architect John Calvin Stevens, prior to the first governor taking residence in 1921. Carl E. Miliken was the first governor to occupy the residence.</p><br>
<p>The Blaine House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964, for its association with Blaine, an influential political and diplomatic figure on the national state in the decades following the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In June 2014, a system of high efficiency heat pumps was installed in The Blaine House in an effort to reduce the heating bill, after a test of one over the winter in the Governor&#39;s sleeping quarters. With heating oil, The Blaine House used 5,074 gallons of oil at a cost of $16,775 in 2013. The oil boiler is also going to be converted to natural gas in a further effort to reduce costs, though that system will only be needed on the coldest days. The total cost of the upgrades is expected to be $115,000.</p><br>
<p>The current residents are Governor Paul LePage and his family. The former first dog Baxter and current first dog Veto also lived there.</p><br>
<p>The Plaza Ferdinand VII is an outdoor garden and park in the historic district of Pensacola, Florida. It is located on Palafox Street between Government and Zaragoza Streets. It was named after Ferdinand VII of Spain, the King of Spain between 1813 and 1833.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>Under the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, Spain agreed to cede Florida to the United States from Spain. After both countries had ratified the treaty, General Andrew Jackson made a speech to the townspeople, informing them that the land was now the Florida Territory, and that Pensacola would be its capital. General Jackson was later sworn in as first Territorial Governor in the plaza. A bust of Jackson now stands at the spot where he was inaugurated. The bust was donated by the Pensacola Historic Preservation Society.</p><br>
<p>The plaza was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960. As such, it was automatically included in the National Register of Historic Places when that program began in 1966.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the plaza was listed in A Guide to Florida&#39;s Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologists, in 2002, discovered evidence of British structures previously not known to have existed in that area.</p><br>
<h2>New Year's celebration</h2><br>
<p>Plaza Ferdinand is also the site of the Pelican Drop. The Pelican Drop happens to the west of the Plaza but still is considered to happen in the Area.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings near the plaza</h2><br>
<p>Saenger Theatre</p><br>
<p>The Hulda Klager Lilac Gardens are nonprofit botanical gardens specializing in lilacs, located at 115 South Pekin Road, Woodland, Washington. The gardens are open 10:00am–4:00pm daily; a $3.00 admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The gardens were established by Hulda Klager (1863–1960), who began hybridizing lilacs in 1905. By 1910 she had created 14 new varieties, and in 1920 she started showing her lilacs every spring.</p><br>
<p>In 1948 the gardens were flooded, only the larger trees survived. People who had purchased plants in the past returned starts to Hulda and the gardens were replanted. Two years later in 1950 the gardens were once again open for the annual "Lilac Week".</p><br>
<p>Hulda eventually developed over 250 varieties. After her death, the gardens were preserved and then organized into a nonprofit foundation in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Today the gardens contain more than 90 varieties of lilacs, as well as Victorian gardens and farmhouse.</p><br>
<p>The Elsinore Theatre is a theatre located in Salem, Oregon, United States, that first opened on May 28, 1926.</p><br>
<h2>Early years</h2><br>
<p>Owner George Guthrie enlisted the firm of Lawrence and Holford to design the theatre in a Tudor Gothic style meant to resemble the castle in the city of Elsinore from Shakespeares play Hamlet. Ellis F. Lawrence, the first dean of the University of Oregon school of architecture, was the projects principal architect. The building features stained glass by the Povey Brothers and a Mighty Wurlitzer theatre organ similar to the original, which was dismantled in 1962. Originally the Elsinore was designed for live performances and silent films. Three years after its construction in 1926, Guthrie leased the theatre to Fox West Coast Theatres. It was at this time that sound movies came to the theatre. One year after the lease to Fox Theaters, Guthrie leased it out to a different theater company, Warner Brothers Theaters which ran it as a movie theater until 1951.</p><br>
<h2>Decline and restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 1954, the theater began a general decline from its once great status in Salem into a second-run movie theater. In 1980, the Elsinore was set to be demolished. A grassroots effort known as the Save the Elsinore Committee did not want to let this historical treasure be demolished, and so began to work hard with local authorities to save the theater. While the theater was eventually saved from demolition, the committee was unable to effect any other major changes, as the two ballot measures pertaining to the theater, one for its purchase and restoration, and another for long term operating funds, were defeated in 1981.</p><br>
<p>During the 1980s, the Save the Elsinore Committee obtained the consent of the owner to use the theater for 18 days of the year for free community events in order to spark public interest about the theater and its fate. The free events drew attendance of over 75,000 people.</p><br>
<p>Until 1987, the theater was one of only three active movie theaters in downtown Salem (the others being the Capitol Theater just around the corner and an arthouse theater). Many of its customers came from Willamette University, drawn both by low admission prices and by the fact that the Elsinore was only two blocks off campus. In 1987, the Moyer family opened a new 7-screen movie theater several blocks away and converted an older multiplex theater elsewhere in Salem to a second-run movie house, effectively ending the Elsinore&#39;s life as a commercial movie theater.</p><br>
<p>In approximately 1989, the theater was sold to Act III Theatres in conjunction with several other local movie theaters in the possession of Tom Moyer, who was the owner at the time. ACT III continued to allow the community to have limited use of the theater. ACT III did not have any interest in a 60-year-old movie theater however, and thus put it up for sale in 1990. The Save the Elsinore Committee jumped at the chance to gain ownership of the theater and launched a fundraising drive to purchase it. The funds were raised, and the theater was purchased. It continued to raise money for its operational costs through fundraising in the community and was graced by appearances from many stars at the turn of the millennium, most notably by actors James Earl Jones and Gregory Peck. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Finally, in February 2002, a deal was cut with Curry Brandaw, the architectural firm also responsible for Salem&#39;s Riverfront Carousel, to help restore the Elsinore completely at an estimated cost of $3.2 million. Over the next three summers, massive restoration undertakings were set in motion to restore the theater to its former grandeur. The project was completed in the summer of 2004, and the theater celebrated its 80th anniversary in May 2006.</p><br>
<p>The rural palace of Lohn in Kehrsatz, near Bern, Switzerland, is the official estate of the Swiss Federal Council, the government of Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The first building</h3><br>
<p>The first Lohn estate was built for the Landvogt Samuel Bondeli in the 17th century. It passed through several owners before ending up with the Bernese patrician Tscharner family. In 1740, Samuel Tscharner left the estate to his son Abraham Tscharner. Abraham&#39;s first wife, whom he met as a mercenary officer in Holland, died just three years after their wedding in childbirth.</p><br>
<p>His second wife bore him two daughters, of which the younger, Henriette Marie Charlotte, inherited Lohn Estate. She married the wealthy Beat Emanuel Tscharner in 1775. A few years later, he decided to replace the modest country house with a more impressive building.</p><br>
<h3>The second building</h3><br>
<p>Beat Emanuel Tscharner hired Carl Ahasver von Sinner to build the house for his family in 1782. The house remained in with the Tscharner family for just over a century. In 1897, Emil Welti, the son of the Federal Council member Emil Welti, bought the estate. In 1942, his widow, Helene Welti-Kammerer, donated the house and estate to the Swiss Confederation in memory of her father in law. The house was used by visiting royalty and heads of state until 1994, when the Swiss government began using the Hotel Bellevue.</p><br>
<p>The Rock and Pillar Range of high hills is located in the Maniototo, an area of inland Otago, New Zealand. They are surrounded by the Taieri River, which has its source in the range, flowing out across the scroll plain at Paerau, before almost doubling back on itself at Waipiata and flowing back along the other side through the Strath-Taieri. The town of Middlemarch lies close to the Taieri to the east of the range, and Patearoa lies to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>The Rock and Pillars are a horst range, caused by movement on two parallel faults uplifting the area in between. Thus, the range is characterised by a very flat top, with steep escarpments on either side. The Great Moss Swamp lies on the upper surface of the range. There is a persistent and highly unusual cloud formation associated with the range. This strange cloud formation, found only in one or two places in the world, is more or less stationary and is called the Taieri Pet by the local inhabitants. It is formed by high north-westerly winds being forced upward over the Rock & Pillar range. http://www.middlemarch.co.nz/big_hut/ Big Hut, situated near the summit of the range, is available for public use.</p><br>
<p>The range takes its name from the rock formations that cover parts of it. The highest point in the range is Summit Rock, at 1450 metres (4756 feet), and several lower points include Stonehenge (1380 m) and McPhee&#39;s Rock (1013 m).</p><br>
<h2>Fauna and Flora</h2><br>
<p>The nationally endangered Burgan Skink is endemic to the Rock and Pillar range.</p><br>
<p>Chagar Bazar  is a tell, or settlement mound, in northern Syria.</p><br>
<h2>History of archaeological research</h2><br>
<p>Chagar Bazar was excavated by the British archaeologist Max Mallowan, with his wife Agatha Christie, from 1935 to 1937. Many of the artefacts discovered were brought to the British Museum. Besides pottery, a large number of clay tablets written in cuneiform script were discovered. Work was resumed at the site in 1999 by an expedition from the British School of Archaeology in Iraq in cooperation with University of Liège archaeologists and the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums. During these excavations, which ended in 2002, 214 cuneiform tablets were recovered.</p><br>
<h2>Chagar Bazar and its environment</h2><br>
<p>Chagar Bazar is located in Al-Hasakah Governorate, approximately 35 km north of Al-Hasakah, on the Wadi Dara, a tributary to the Khabur River. The ancient site measures approximately 12 hectare.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation history</h2><br>
<p>Chagar Bazar was already settled in the Neolithic. Excavations revealed pottery belonging to the Halaf and Ubaid cultures.</p><br>
<p>By the Early Bronze Age, in the third millennium BC, Chagar Bazar had turned into a small town with the size of 12 hectares / 30 acres. The site appears to have been abandoned by the end of the third millennium BC. It was resettled and was known as Asnakkum at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. Hurrians also occupied the city and fine examples of the Khabur ware pottery dating to this period have been discovered by the excavators.</p><br>
<p>Tell Fekheriye , is an ancient site in the Khabur River basin in the Al Hasakah Governorate of northern Syria. It is securely identified as the site of Sikkan, attested since c. 2000 BC. Sikkan was part of the Aramaean kingdom of Bit Bahiani in the early 1st millennium BC. In the area several mounds, called tells, can be found in close proximity: Tell Fekheriye, Ras al-Ayn, and Tell Halaf, site of the Aramean and Neo-Assyrian city of Guzana. During the excavation the Tell Fekheriye bilingual inscription was discovered at the site, which provides the source of information about Hadad-yith&#39;i.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century Tell Fekheriye was suggested as the site of Washukanni, the capital of Mitanni, but the claim is unconfirmed. Many scholars opposed this theory including Michael Roaf, Peter Akkermans, David Oates, Joan Oates and Edward Lipiński.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of Tell Fekheriye was occupied as early as the Akkadian period. The limited excavations so far conducted have shown</p><br>
<p>substantial developments in the Middle Assyrian, Mitanni and Neo-Assyrian periods.</p><br>
<h3>Proposed association with Washukanni</h3><br>
<p>The Neo-Assyrian city Sikan at nearby Ras al-Ayn was identified by Dietrich Opitz as the capital of Mitanni, Washukanni.</p><br>
<p>The name Sikan was then believed to be an Assyrianized version of its Hurrian, or Indo-Aryan original, becoming (Wa-)Sikan(-ni). No epigraphic, glyphic or other archaeological evidence supporting this identification has yet emerged from excavations at this or other sites. The identification thus rests on a purely etymologic basis. The etymology is challenged by Edward Lipiński, who points out that Sikan is a Semitic name (meaning stele) already attested for the site circa 2000 BC. A clay tablet sent from Washukanni to Egypt was chemically analyzed and compared with samples from Sikan; the result was "no-match".</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The site is around 90 hectares in area, 12 of which are a high mound. Tell Fakhariyah came to the attention of Max von Oppenheim in the early 1900s. In 1929, during his excavations at Tell Halaf, he dispatched Felix Langenegger and Hans Lehmann to the site to do a field survey, resulting in the production of a contour map. In 1940, a team from the Oriental Institute of Chicago and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, led by Calvin W. McEwan, and which included Harold D. Hill, worked for a short period there, conducted several soundings, developed a contour map of the site, and collected various pottery and epigraphic objects. The later included 12 tablets and some fragments. The areas explored were mainly Middle Assyrian and Neo-Assyrian. In 1955, Anton Moortgat conducted two soundings at Tell Fakhariyah, dated to the Mitanni empire period.</p><br>
<p>A brief excavation occurred in 2001 by the University of Halle-Wittenberg and the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums.</p><br>
<p>After a survey in 2005, a team from the Free University of Berlin and SAHI - Slovak archeological and historical institute and the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums resumed work at Tell Fakhariyah for a month in 2006. Excavations continued in 2007 for a period of 8 weeks.</p><br>
<p>In the 2009 season, 11 Middle Assyrian cuneiform tablets</p><br>
<p>were recovered from a layer early in the post-Mitanni period</p><br>
<p>of the site. In 2010, 40 texts and text fragments were found</p><br>
<p>in the same context. Preliminary translation shows them to be</p><br>
<p>administrative in nature. Eponyms link some to the reigns</p><br>
<p>of Shalmaneser I and Tukulti-Ninurta I.</p><br>
<p>Botev Peak  is, at 2,376 m above sea level, the highest peak of the Balkan Mountains. It is located close to the geographic centre of Bulgaria, and is part of the Central Balkan National Park.</p><br>
<p>Until 1950, when it was renamed in honour of Bulgarian poet and revolutionary Hristo Botev, the peak was called Yumrukchal (Юмрукчал, from Ottoman Turkish Yumrukçal, a fist-like peak).</p><br>
<p>A weather station and a radio tower (opened on 10 July 1966) that covers 65% of the country are located on Botev Peak. The average temperature is -8.9 &deg;C in January and 7.9 &deg;C in July.</p><br>
<p>"Botev Peak" is the main facility of Bulgarian FM and TV broadcasting network. The situation at the top near the geographical center of Bulgaria contribute to national radio broadcasts and television broadcast here to cover more than 65% throughout the country, also in parts of Romania and Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>Channels listed by frequency</h2><br>
<h3>Analogue radio</h3><br>
<h3>Digital television</h3><br>
<h3>Analogue television (prior to 2013)</h3><br>
<p>Indian River Bay is a body of water in Sussex County, Delaware. It is part of Delaware&#39;s inland bay system, along with Little Assawoman Bay and Rehoboth Bay. Fed by the Indian River at its western end, the bay is connected to the Atlantic Ocean to the east via the Indian River Inlet. A natural waterway that shifted up and down a two-mile  stretch of the coast until 1928, the inlet was kept in its current location by dredging between 1928 and 1937, and in 1938 was fixed in place by the construction of jetties. The Charles W. Cullen Bridge, commonly known as the Indian River Inlet Bridge, spans the inlet.</p><br>
<p>Indian River Bay is unique among Delaware&#39;s inland bays in that it is a drowned river valley, whereas Delaware&#39;s other bays are estuaries built on sand bars.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Boating, fishing, shellfishing, and crabbing are among the most common recreational uses of Indian River Bay. In addition, the bay is bordered by several protected environmental areas, including Delaware Seashore State Park, Holts Landing State Park, and the Assawoman Wildlife Area.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>Most pollution of the Indian River Bay is due to agricultural and urban runoff. Two solutions have been proposed. The first requires cutting an inlet through Delaware Seashore State Park, which would involve building a bridge and jetty. The other is dredging and widening the Assawoman Canal to improve the flow of tidal water to and from Indian River Bay and the Indian River Inlet.</p><br>
<p>The Elk River is a tidal tributary of the Chesapeake Bay on the Eastern Shore of Maryland and on the northern edge of the Delmarva Peninsula. It is about 15 mi long. As the most northeastern extension of the Chesapeake Bay estuary, it has served as one entrance to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal since the 19th century. The canal and river now serve as one boundary of the Elk Neck Peninsula. The river flows through Cecil County, Maryland, with its watershed extending into New Castle County, Delaware and Chester County, Pennsylvania. Elkton, the county seat of Cecil County, is located at its head. Its total watershed area is 143 square miles , with 21 square miles of open water, so its watershed is 15% open water. It is south and east of the North East River, and north of the Sassafras River.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Elk River begins at the confluence of Big Elk Creek and Little Elk Creek in Elkton, and ends at the Chesapeake Bay at a 1.4 mi wide mouth between Turkey Point on Elk Neck and West View Shores / Sunset Point. Little Elk Creek rises near Oxford, Pennsylvania, and the East Branch and West Branch of Big Elk Creek rise to the south of Cochranville, Pennsylvania. They descend through the Pennsylvania and Maryland Piedmont, before reaching sea level at Elkton, the head of navigation.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>There are several small creeks on the western shore, including Muddy Creek, Jones Creek, Bull Minnow Run, and Plum Creek. On the eastern shore major tributaries are Back Creek, much of which is now the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and the Bohemia River. Small creeks include Pearce Creek, Cabin John Creek, Herring Creek, and Perch Creek.</p><br>
<p>Gherdëina  is a valley in Northern Italy, in the Dolomites of South Tyrol. It is best known as a skiing, rock climbing, and woodcarving area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The valley&#39;s main river is the Derjon. The three municipalities in Gherdëina are Urtijëi, Sëlva, and Santa Cristina; they were served by the Fërata de Gherdëina from 1916 until 1960.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Gherdëina is one of five valleys with a majority of Ladin speakers (two of these valleys are in South Tyrol). The form of the Ladin language spoken in this valley is called Gardenese in Italian, Grödnerisch in German and Gherdëina in Ladin.</p><br>
<h3>Woodcarving</h3><br>
<p>The woodcarving industry has flourished in Gherdëina since the 17th century. Since the 19th century, statues and altars carved in the area have been shipped to Catholic churches throughout the world. In the 18th century, besides religious statuettes, the production of woodcarved figurines of genre art was widespread in the valley. Among them statuettes of beggars generally in pairs (female and male), four seasons, watchstands were very popular. In the 19th and 20th century, carving of wooden toys was such a widespread occupation in all Gardenese families that Amelia Edwards called Urtijëi the "capital of Toyland." One of the valley&#39;s best-known products is the peg wooden doll which was popular all over Europe and America in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>In one of her many trips Margaret Warner Morley went to Europe to Gherdëina where she was inspired to write the novel Donkey John of the toy valley.</p><br>
<p>The Parish Church of Urtijëi displays a rich collection of statues carved by local artists in the last two centuries. The Museum Gherdëina in Urtijëi owns a rich collection of historical wooden toys and woodcarved statues and figurines.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<h3>Skiing</h3><br>
<p>The valley hosted the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships in 1970.</p><br>
<p>Gherdëina is home to the Saslong Classic, a mens World Cup downhill race that has been held almost every year since 1969. Since 2002 (and in 1983), the downhill has been paired with a super G race, and from 1979 to 1982 a combined event was held. The Saslong course is considered one of the five "classic" mens downhill races, along with Garmisch-Partenkirchens Kandahar (GER), Kitzbühels Hahnenkamm (AUT), Wengens Lauberhorn (SUI), and Val dIseres Criterium (FRA). It is well known for the "Camel Humps" (or "Bumps"), a series of three small jumps which racers must negotiate in quick succession. Two men have managed to win the Saslong title four times in a career: Austrian Franz Klammer (1975, two races in 1976, and 1982) and Italys Kristian Ghedina (1996, 1998, 1999, and 2001). If super G wins are also included, two other men have matched that feat: Peter Müller of Switzerland and Austrian Michael Walchhofer.</p><br>
<p>A women&#39;s slalom and parallel slalom were also held in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Gherdëina is part of the Sella Ronda alpine ski touring circuit.</p><br>
<h3>Other sports</h3><br>
<p>The Gardena Spring Trophy is an annual international figure skating competition held every spring in the Valley.</p><br>
<p>Gherdëina has a Serie A ice hockey team, the HC Gherdëina.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Carolina Kostner is a figure skater and cousin of Isolde Kostner, the ski-champion.</p><br>
<p>Giorgio Moroder record producer, songwriter, performer and DJ</p><br>
<p>Alabanda  or Antiochia of the Chrysaorians was an ancient city of Caria, Anatolia, the site of which is near Doğanyurt, Çine, Aydın Province, Turkey.</p><br>
<p>The city is located in the saddle between two heights. The area is noted for its dark marble and for gemstones that resembled garnets. Stephanus of Byzantium claims that there were two cities named Alabanda (Alabandeus) in Caria, but no other ancient source corroborates this.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to legend, the city was founded by a Carian hero Alabandus. In the Carian language, the name is a combination of the words for horse ala and victory banda. On one occasion, Herodotus mentions Alabanda being located in Phrygia, instead of in Caria, but in fact the same city were meant. Amyntas II, son of the Achaemenid Persian official Bubares, is known to have been given the rule over the city by king Xerxes I (r. 486-465 BC).</p><br>
<p>In the early Seleucid period, the city was part of the Chrysaorian League, a loose federation of nearby cities linked by economic and defensive ties and, perhaps, by ethnic ties. The city was renamed Antiochia of the Chrysaorians in honor of Seleucid king Antiochus III who preserved the city&#39;s peace. It was captured by Philip V of Macedon in 201 BC. The name reverted to Alabanda after the Seleucid defeat at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC. The Romans occupied the city shortly thereafter.</p><br>
<p>According to Cicero in Greece they worshiped a number of deified human beings, at Alabanda there was Alabandus.</p><br>
<p>In 40 BC, the rebel Quintus Labienus at the head of a Parthian army took the city. After Labienuss garrison was slaughtered by the citys inhabitants, the Parthian army stripped the city of its treasures. Under the Roman Empire, the city became a conventus (Pliny, V, xxix, 105) and Strabo reports on its reputation for high-living and decadence. The city minted its own coins down to the mid-third century. During the Byzantine Empire, the city was a created a bishopric.</p><br>
<p>Famous residents included the orators Menecles and Hierocles, who were brothers.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of Alabanda are 8 km west of Çine and consist of the remains of a theatre and a number of other buildings, but excavations have yielded very few inscriptions.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical history</h2><br>
<p>The names of some bishops of Alabanda are known because of their participation in church councils. Thus Theodoret was at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, Constantine at the Trullan Council in 692, another Constantine at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, and John at the Photian Council of Constantinople (879). The names of two non-orthodox bishops of the see are also known: Zeuxis, who was deposed for Monophysitism in 518, and Julian, who was bishop from around 558 to around 568 and was a Jacobite. No longer a residential diocese, Alabanda is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.</p><br>
<h3>Bishops</h3><br>
<p>Theodoret (mentioned in 451)</p><br>
<p>Zeuxis (? – 518 deposed) (Monophysite)</p><br>
<p>Julian (about 558 – about 568) (Jacobite)</p><br>
<p>Constantine (mentioned in 692)</p><br>
<p>Constantine II (mentioned in 787)</p><br>
<p>John (mentioned in 879)</p><br>
<p>Saba (9th–10th century)</p><br>
<p>Nicephorus (11th century)</p><br>
<p>Anonymous (mentioned 11th century)</p><br>
<p>William O&#39;Carroll, (February 3, 1874 – October 13, 1880)</p><br>
<p>Rocco Leonasi (March 30, 1882 – March 14, 1883)</p><br>
<p>Giuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè (August 9, 1883 – May 24)</p><br>
<p>Nicola Lorusso (June 23, 1890 – June 8, 1891)</p><br>
<p>John Brady (June 19, 1891 – January 6, 1910)</p><br>
<p>Joseph Lang (February 26, 1915 – 1 November 1924)</p><br>
<p>François Chaize,(May 12, 1925 – February 23, 1949)</p><br>
<p>José María García Grain,(March 10, 1949 – May 27, 1959)</p><br>
<p>Michel Ntuyahaga (June 11, 1959 – November 10, 1959</p><br>
<p>James William Malone (January 2, 1960 – May 2, 1968)</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Turkey: The Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts, Blue Guides, pp. 349–50.</p><br>
<p>J. Ma, Antiochos III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor, p. 175</p><br>
<p>Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park  is a national park of Brazil located in the Chapada dos Veadeiros, an ancient plateau with an estimated age of 1.8 billion years. Based in the Brazilian state of Goias, the park was created on January 11, 1961 by President Juscelino Kubitscheck, and listed as a World Heritage Site by Unesco in 2001. It occupies an area of 655 km&sup2; in the municipalities of Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Cavalcante and Colinas do Sul. The park is maintained by Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>The average yearly temperature is 24-26 degrees Celsius, ranging from a minimum of 4-8 degrees Celsius and reaching a maximum of 40-42 degrees Celsius.</p><br>
<h3>Altitude</h3><br>
<p>With altitudes between 600 and 1650 meters, it is the highest plain in Central Brazil. The highest point of the park and of the state of Goiás is Serra da Santana, at 1691 meters above sea level.</p><br>
<h3>Rock formations</h3><br>
<p>Its rock formations are one of the oldest on the planet. There are quartz with outcrops of crystals. These rocks are exported and appreciated in Japan and England, where for some decades they were used for industrial work. Nowadays therapists and nature lovers seek energies and the power to cure from the crystals and from places like Alto Paraiso.</p><br>
<p>Rock crystals are present in the soil of the rich cerrado, or open pasture. Forest growth is also still found in the region, where more than 25 species of orchids can be found, besides other Brazilian species such as pau d&#39;arco roxo, copaíba (copa tree), aroeira (California pepper tree), tamanqueira (cork tree), terivá (a variety of palm tree), buritis (wine-palm) and Babaçu (Babassu).</p><br>
<p>The main river in the park is the Rio Preto, a tributary of the Tocantins River. There are many waterfalls along its course such as the Rio Preto Falls (120 meters high, 80 meters at the base) and the Cariocas Falls. The park is noted for its scenic canyons, with walls of up to 40 m high and valleys of up to 300 m&sup2; deep.</p><br>
<h3>List of waterfalls</h3><br>
<p>Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park is noted for its waterfalls. Those which range from 80 to 120 meters include the Corredeiras, Cannyon I, Cannyon II, the Carioquinhas Waterfall and the Jardim de Maitréya. In properties with controlled access: Águas Quentes, Morada do Sol, Banho das Crianças and Vale das Andorinhas, Salto do Raizama and Cannyon do Rio São Miguel, Vale da lua, Cachoeiras Almécegas I and Almécegas II, Cachoeira de São Bento, Cataratas do Rio dos Couros, Cachoeira do Rio Cristal, Cachoeira dos Anjos e dos Arcanjos, Água Fria, Cachoeira do Rio das Almas, Poço Encantado, Sertão Zen, Cachoeira do Rio Macaco, Território Kalunga, Lago Serra da Mesa, Bocaina do Faria, Cachoeira das Neves, Mirante do Pouso Alto, Alpes Goianos, Cachoeira do Santana, Cachoeira da Ave Maria, Morada do Sol, Pedra Escrita, Cachoeira das Pedras Bonitas, Cachoeira Santa Bárbara, Cachoeira Capivara, Cachoeira Candaru, Cachoeiras Barroco, Cachoeiras do Pratinha, Cachoeira Rei do Prata, Cachoeiras do Curriola, Cachoeira do São Bartolomeu, Cachoeiras Veredas, and Ponte de Pedra.</p><br>
<h3>The local fauna</h3><br>
<p>The rich fauna of the region includes species, some of which are threatened by extinction, such as the pampas deer (locally known as veado campeiro), marsh deer (cervo do pantanal), maned wolves (lobo guará), jaguar, and others like the rhea (ema), seriema, tapeti, giant armadillo (tatu canastra), anteater (tamanduá), capybara (capivara), tapir (anta), green-beaked toucan (tucano de bico verde), black vulture (urubu), and the king vulture (urubu rei).</p><br>
<p>The Emas National Park  is a national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The National Park is located between the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul in the Center-West Region of Brazil, between 17º50’—18º15’S and 52º39’—53º10’W. It covers 1,320 km&sup2; of cerrado savannah.</p><br>
<p>The park is in the Pantanal Biosphere Reserve, which also includes the Pantanal, Chapada dos Guimarães and Serra da Bodoquena national parks, and the Serra de Santa Bárbara, Nascentes do Rio Taquari and Pantanal de Rio Negro state parks.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding area is dominated by large soybean plantations.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Emas National Park shows a typical cerrado ecosystem; a treeless savannah with tall termite houses and an interesting amount of wildlife: the giant anteater, the maned wolf, giant armadillo, pampas deer and the namesake greater rhea, among others.</p><br>
<p>Emas National Park also holds a small Jaguar population, perhaps consisting of about 10-12 animals. Only about 40% of the reserve, which covers 1,320 km&sup2; in total, is good Jaguar habitat.</p><br>
<p>Other larger mammals include puma, ocelot, Brazilian tapir, collared peccary, white-lipped peccary, marsh deer, red brocket, gray brocket, black howler monkey and capybara.</p><br>
<p>Palazzo Madama in Rome is the seat of the Senate of the Italian Republic.</p><br>
<p>It was built atop the ruins of the ancient baths of Nero, next to Piazza Navona. The terrain had been acquired in the Middle Ages by the monks of the Abbey of Farfa, who later ceded it to France.</p><br>
<p>The new building was begun at the end of the 15th century and completed in 1505, for the Medici family. It housed two Medici cardinals and cousins, Giovanni and Giulio, who both later became popes as Leo X and Clement VII, respectively. Catherine de Medici, Clement VIIs niece, also lived here before she was married to Henry, son of King Francis I of France in 1533. Cardinal Francesco Maria Del Monte, patron of the artist Caravaggio, lived there until his death in 1627.</p><br>
<p>The palace takes its name from Madama Margherita of Austria, illegitimate daughter of Emperor Charles V, who married another illegitimate son, Alessandro de&#39; Medici and, after his death, Ottavio Farnese. Thus part of the art collection of the Florentine Medici family was inherited by the Farnese family.</p><br>
<p>The current façade was built in the mid-1650s by both Cigoli and Paolo Maruccelli. The latter added the ornate cornice and whimsical decorative urns on the roof.</p><br>
<p>After the extinction of the Medici in 1743, the palace was handed over to the House of Lorraine and, later, to Pope Benedict XIV, who made it the seat of the Papal Government. In 1849, Pius IX moved here the Ministries of Finances and of the Public Debt, as well as the Papal Post Offices. In 1871, after the conquest of Rome by the newly formed Kingdom of Italy, the palazzo became the seat of the Senato del Regno.</p><br>
<p>Mount Gibraltar  is a mountain with an elevation of 863 m that is located in the Southern Highlands region, between Bowral and Mittagong, in New South Wales, Australia. Further west is.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is locally known as The Gib, and is in the form of a ridge, rather than an obvious conical peak. The western extremity of the ridge is commonly pointed out as the mountain itself. The Gib is primarily a residential area with a large nature reserve at its peak.</p><br>
<p>The first European to climb the mountain, in 1798, was explorer John Wilson. He learned from local Aborigines the name Bowrell, which meant a high place. Surveyor Sir Thomas Mitchell also climbed Mount Gibraltar.</p><br>
<p>The Gib is thought to have been formed from a collapsed volcanic core, which pushed through the local Hawkesbury Sandstone beds about 150 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>The western slopes were previously the site of a granite quarry which mined the volcanic trachyte; the quarry closed in 1986. The site can be reached by a walking track beginning near Bowral Swimming Pool.</p><br>
<p>The peak is 863 meters above sea-level.</p><br>
<p>The peak area includes the Mount Gibraltar Reserve.</p><br>
<p>The Reserve was acquired by Alderman Joshua Stokes, in 1919. A large stone construction, bearing a memorial plaque to Stokes, is a feature of the Reserve.</p><br>
<p>The Reserve vegetation is a rare remnant of a volcanic soil community. A prominent tree species is Eucalyptus fastigata (Brown Barrel).</p><br>
<p>The Reserve has been the subject of a Landcare Bush Regeneration Program since 1994, with the aim of eliminating introduced species such as Privet, Barberry, Ivy, Honeysuckle, Banana Passionfruit, Inkweed and others.</p><br>
<p>The Landcare group has also compiled a complete Site Species List.</p><br>
<p>The Gib has three lookout points over Bowral and Mittagong.</p><br>
<p>On a clear day The Gib can be seen from Echo Point in Katoomba which is approximately 70–80 km away, although many people confuse it with the nearby, conical Mount Jellore.</p><br>
<p>On a clear day you can make out the Sydney skyline.</p><br>
<p>The exposed, rocky area of the peak is the site of several telecommunications and broadcasting towers, including Telstra microwave transmission links.</p><br>
<p>The residential area of Mount Gibraltar includes some of the most highly priced real estate in the Southern Highlands.</p><br>
<h2>Railway</h2><br>
<p>The Main South Railway skirts Mount Gibraltar at its western foothills, passing through a tunnel under Evans Street, Bowral. The original tunnel was single track, but it was replaced in the 1920s by a double track tunnel.</p><br>
<p>Långholmen is an island in central Stockholm, between Södermalm and Kungsholmen.</p><br>
<p>Långholmen is a green oasis in the city, and a popular spot for walks, picnics and swimming. The small beaches, located right outside the former prison, are usually crowded in summer. However, up until 1975, Långholmen was used as a prison island. Since 1989 Långholmen Prison has been a 112-room hotel and hostel, renovated in 2007/2008. In the former prison hospital there is now a restaurant and pub.</p><br>
<p>Långholmen was originally rocky and barren, but in the eighteenth century, prison inmates covered the island with mud dredged from the surrounding waterways. After several years, the fertile soil transformed much of the island into lush gardens with a somewhat exotic flora, due to the introduction of various seeds that were spread via trade and merchant ships passing by the island. This peculiarity still persists, and today the island is considered a lush retreat.</p><br>
<p>In 1993 a JAS 39 Gripen fighter aircraft crashed on Långholmen during a display at the Stockholm Water Festival. The plane caught fire on impact, but the fire was soon put out. The pilot successfully ejected, and despite large crowds of spectators, only one person was injured. A sculpture in stainless steel by Thomas Qvarsebo, depicting a paper plane with its nose drilled into the ground, was placed on the spot in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Långholmen Football club was founded in 2002 and is now an important part of the sporting and social life of the expatriate community in Stockholm. The club was founded by a group of expats who regularly met on the gravel pitch on the island. Although English is generally the main language used by Långholmen players and the majority of members have tended to be from the British Isles, the club has always been proud of its international mix of players. The decision to have the club&#39;s home shirt with black and white stripes is indeed homage to the island and its history.</p><br>
<p>Having started out in Stockholm Division 8, the lowest football league at the time, Långholmen Football club have achieved numerous promotions and will now play in the Swedish national football league Swedish football league system in Division 3 Östra Svealand with current assistant manager Stuart Lascelles taking over as head coach from Chris Latham for the start of the 2010 season.</p><br>
<p>Television House, on Kingsway in London was, from 1955, the London headquarters of Associated-Rediffusion, Independent Television News , TV Times magazine, the Independent Television Companies Association and, at first, Associated TeleVision. It was later the headquarters of Rediffusion, London and its successor, Thames Television.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Adastral House</h3><br>
<p>The Kingsway area had been redeveloped at the start of the 20th century from slums and tenement housing into a broad avenue with grand office buildings and expensive town houses.</p><br>
<p>After the formation of the Air Ministry in 1918, its headquarters was on Kingsway; one of two identical buildings opposite Bush House became Adastral House, the name being derived from the RAF motto. This remained the home of the Air Ministry through World War II, and the roof of the building in 1940 during The Blitz is where, while fire-watching, Arthur Harris, made the remark about the bombing to a companion, "Well, they are sowing the wind...". The building became famous after the war because the central London temperatures and wind speeds were measured from its roof by the Met Office, and announced as such during the BBC weather forecasts.</p><br>
<h3>Television House</h3><br>
<p>In 1954, the Independent Television Authority (ITA) awarded the first two contracts for the new ITV commercial television system. Because the BBC had previously held a monopoly on broadcasting, there were no non-BBC television studio facilities in the UK. Associated-Rediffusion, as one of the two contractors, needed to build from scratch a whole new facility. The company had hired Thomas Brownrigg as General Manager, partially due to his extensive knowledge of planning and project management, which would be needed in simultaneously building a new company and its studios and headquarters.</p><br>
<p>British Electric Traction, majority owner of Associated-Rediffusion, bought the freehold on Adastral House from the government. Brownrigg engaged Bovis Limited (later Bovis Construction) to gut the building internally and build a new suite of offices, technical facilities and studios to be called Television House. This was begun in early 1955 and, with a planned start date for ITV of 22 September 1955, was worked on at great speed, virtually 24 hours a day.</p><br>
<p>Four small studios (numbered 7, 8, 9 and 10) were built inside the building, mainly for current affairs and continuity use (the main large studios, now The Fountain Studios, were constructed on the site of the former 20th Century Fox studios in Wembley in Middlesex). Additionally, office space and dining facilities for over 1,000 people was created. A suite of management offices, complete with oak-panelled boardroom, was built.</p><br>
<p>The original headquarters and studio facilities of ITN were located on the seventh and eighth floors of the building.</p><br>
<p>TV Times, part-owned by Associated-Rediffusion, occupied offices in the building from 1957 until April 1958.</p><br>
<p>A computer room, housing an early mainframe computer that controlled advertising bookings, was added on the second floor in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Associated TeleVision (ATV) inhabited Television House for the first few years of broadcasting, mainly just for office accommodation rather than studio facilities. For a period early in ITV&#39;s history, Associated-Rediffusion provided this space for free as part of the effort to keep ITV afloat during the financial crisis of 1955-1957.</p><br>
<h3>St Catherine's House</h3><br>
<p>In the 1967 ITV contract round, the ITA awarded the London weekday contract to a joint company made up of ABC Weekend TV and Rediffusion Television, Thames Television. This new company had a surplus number of studios in London. The Wembley studios were therefore sold to the then-new London Weekend Television. Thames, controlled by the former ABC, decided that a brand new studio complex, equipped from the start for colour broadcasting and located out of the centre of London would be more appropriate.</p><br>
<p>Thames used Television House as its headquarters whilst the building of the new Thames Television House in Euston took place.</p><br>
<p>When Television House was vacated in the early 1970s, it was again occupied by the government, this time the General Register Office, where it housed the birth certificates of the English and Welsh populations. The building was renamed St Catherine&#39;s House.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, the building was vacated by the General Register Office, which moved to Southport in Merseyside, and, after extensive refurbishment, it became the UK headquarters of ExxonMobil.</p><br>
<h3>Centrium</h3><br>
<p>After ExxonMobil left, the building was renamed "The Centrium" and housed a number of corporations, including Herman Miller, the Nursing and Midwifery Council, SVG Capital, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Ashmore Group, Tishman Speyer and Interconnector UK</p><br>
<h3>61 Aldwych</h3><br>
<p>Later, the building was renamed "61 Aldwych" by the manager Tishman Speyer. Tenants still include the Nursing and Midwifery Council and Herman Miller</p><br>
<h2>Production space</h2><br>
<p>Studio 7: 702 ft&sup2;. 33 by 24=10 m x 7.3 m</p><br>
<p>Studio 8: 950 ft&sup2;. 38 by 25=11.6 m x 7.6 m</p><br>
<p>Studio 9: 2,416 ft&sup2;. 64 by 40=19.5 m x 12.2 m</p><br>
<p>Studio 10: 312 ft&sup2;. 26 by 12=8 m x 3.7 m</p><br>
<p>Master Control: 900 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Maintenance Workshop: 1,150 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>VTR (with 2x Ampex video recorders): 320 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Telecine (with 2x Cintel, 1x RCA Vidicon and 2x EMI Flying Spot telecine machines): 1,150 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Rehearsal rooms x6: 7,500 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Projector theatres x 6</p><br>
<p>Cutting rooms x15</p><br>
<p>Dubbing theatre</p><br>
<p>The Flying Horses Carousel is the oldest operating platform carousel in America. Located in the historic resort community of Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts, on Martha&#39;s Vineyard, the carousel was apparently first located in New York City before being moved to the island in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The carousel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987. The carousel is one of only a handful of carousels that still have brass rings for a rider to attempt to grab as the carousel rotates.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oak Bluffs, located on the northeastern part of the island of Marthas Vineyard, was originally settled as part of Edgartown in the 17th century. In 1835 the Methodist camp known as Wesleyan Grove (also a National Historic Landmark) was established in the area. Development of the area as a summer resort became more formally organized with the establishment of the Oak Bluffs Land and Wharf Company in 1866. The company developed what was then one of the earliest planned communities, guiding the communitys growth over the following years.</p><br>
<p>The exact date of construction of the carousel is not known. Its artwork closely resembles that found in an 1870s catalog published by the Charles W.F. Dare Company, a major manufacturer of carousels in the late 19th century. At least one expert believes that artwork of the carousel itself was done by the same artist whose work appears in the catalog, suggesting its construction date to be between 1876 and 1878.</p><br>
<p>In 1884, F.O. Gordon of New York City acquired the carousel and moved it to Cottage City, as Oak Bluffs was then known. Evidence of its use in New York is surmised from a stamp "Coney Island #4" on the inside of one of its decorative panels. It was originally sited near the entrance to Oak Bluffs Harbor. In 1889, the town of Oak Bluffs acquired the carousel and moved it to its present location at the base of Circuit Avenue, the towns business and entertainment district. The town sold the carousel to Joseph Turnell in 1896, and it then went through a succession of owners before its acquisition by the Marthas Vineyard Land Trust in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The carousel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986. It is one of the two oldest operating carousels in the United States; the other, the Flying Horse Carousel in Watch Hill, Rhode Island (also a National Historic Landmark), is of a similar vintage, and is also a Dare Company carousel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The carousel is sited on a roughly triangular piece of land at the base of Circuit Avenue in Oak Bluffs that is bounded by Circuit Avenue, Oak Bluffs Avenue, Lake Avenue and Kennebec Avenue. Its address is 33 Oak Bluffs Avenue. Since being moved to the island, it has been housed in a somewhat utilitarian single-story building. It is sheathed in wood shingles, and has a low gable roof.</p><br>
<p>The carousel is about 36 ft in diameter. Fourteen spreader panels radiate from the central platform, and are secured to the upper canopy by the columns that also support the horses and carriages of the carousel. Despite the name "Flying Horses" (given by Joseph Turnell), the horses are stationary when the carousel is rotating. The horses have their original oxide eyes, but their original horsehair manes have been lost.</p><br>
<p>The layout of the horses and carriages is as follows: a chariot, two pair of horses, a chariot, three pairs of horses, and then the entire sequence repeated. The panels that decorate the carousel, including those surrounding the central column housing the carousel machinery, depict equestrian and marine scenes. By the 1980s, these panels, needing restoration, had been removed and replaced by panels of local scenes done by a local artist.</p><br>
<p>Although originally powered by steam, the carousel was converted to electricity in 1900, and is powered by a 10-horsepower motor located in the building&#39;s basement. The gears and belts connecting the motor to the carousel were rehabilitated in the 1980s. The ride has a traditional ring assembly, where the lucky rider who successfully grabs a brass ring gets a free ride.</p><br>
<p>The Mechanic Street Historic District is a 147 acre historic district consisting of 14 blocks in the Pawcatuck section of Stonington, Connecticut. It is located along the Pawcatuck River approximately 2 mi from the Atlantic Ocean. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. At that time it included 413 contributing buildings and one other contributing structure.</p><br>
<p>The district includes a large mill complex, including 7 major buildings over a 25 acre area, and a smaller company office building. It is irregularly shaped and is drawn to include similarly themed buildings, and to exclude neighborhoods above Broad Street and on other sides that are incompatible.</p><br>
<p>The district was site of several shipyards. Mechanic Street is presumed to be named for the "mechanics" who worked in shipbuilding. It includes Greek Revival style houses from the era of shipbuilding, and at least one building that served as housing for shipworkers.</p><br>
